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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 6 most abundant elements in living organisms?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur
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Name and describe the three parts of an atom.
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1. Proton: positively charged
2. Neutron: neutral charge 3. Electron: negatively charged |
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How many electrons in the inner shell to make it stable?
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2
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How many electrons in the next shell to make it stable?
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8
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What is an ion?
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An atom with a charge.
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What are the three most important molecules?
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1. O2 (oxygen)
2. CO2, (carbon dioxide) 3. H20 (water) |
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Name and describe the three types of bonds.
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1. Ionic bond: transfer of electrons; strong
2. Covalent bond: sharing of electrons; strong 3. Hydrogen bond: weak |
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What does polar mean?
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Some sort of charge (i.e. positive or negative)
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What are the three special properties of water?
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1. Absorbs lots of energy before boiling or vaporizing
2. Flows through tubes 3. It is a solvent--facilitates chemical reactions |
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What does hydrophilic mean and what type of molecules are hydrophilic?
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Hydrophilic means water loving. Polar molecules are hydrophilic.
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What does hydrophobic mean and what type of molecules are hydrophobic?
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Hydrophobic molecules do not like water. Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic.
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What does pH measure? What numbers are acidic and what numbers are basic?
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The concentration of H+ in a solution.
pH less than 7 is acidic. pH greater than 7 is basic. |
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What is the function of a carbohydrate?
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Immediate energy.
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What is a monosaccharide and what are two examples?
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A simple sugar with 5 or 6 carbons.
Ribose: 5 carbons Glucose: 6 carbons |
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What is a disaccharide and what are two examples?
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Two simple sugars linked together.
Sucrose: cane or beet sugar Lactose: milk sugar |
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What is a polysaccharide and what are three types?
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Polysaccharides are the storage form of glucose.
Starch: found in plants Cellulose: also found in plants but humans can't digest it (dietary fiber) Glycogen: Found in animals |
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What are the three main elements that make up lipids?
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1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen |
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What are the two main types of lipids?
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1. Fats
2. Phospholipids |
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What is the function of lipids?
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Long-term energy storage.
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What are the two components of a fat?
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1. Fatty acid
2. Glycerol |
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What are the three types of fats?
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1. Saturated: single carbon bond
2. Unsaturated: double carbon bond 3. Trans |
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What are the components of a phospholipid and what is its structure?
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Made up of a polar head and non-polar tails.
Same make-up as a fat except one fatty acid is replaced with a polar phosphate group. |
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What are the functions of proteins?
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Support, metabolism, muscles, motion, defense, enzymes
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What are the four components of a protein?
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1. Hydrogen atom
2. An amino group 3. An acid group 4. R group |
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What three factors affect enzyme activity?
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1. Temperature
2. pH 3. Substrate concentration |
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What is the function of nucleic acids?
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They hold genetic information; DNA and RNA.
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What are nucleic acids made up of?
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1. Sugar molecule
2. Phosphate group 3. Nitrogen-containing base |
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What are the two nitrogen-containing bases?
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1. Pyrimidine (1 ring--C,T,U)
2. Purine (2 rings--A,G) |
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What is osmosis?
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The diffusion of water.
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What are the three small, non-polar hydrophobic molecules?
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1. O2
2. CO2 3. N2 |
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What are the three smaller uncharged polar molecules?
Do they pass through a membrane? |
1. H2O
2. Glycerol 3. Ethanol YES. |
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What are the three larger, uncharged polar molecules? Do they pass through a membrane?
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1. Amino acids
2. Glucose 3. Nucleotides NO. |
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Do ions pass through a membrane?
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NO.
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What are the two main components of muscle contraction, and how do they interact?
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Myosin grabs actin and pulls inward, drawing the Z lines closer together.
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What are the four layers of the gastrointestinal tract?
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1) Mucus membrane
2) Submucosa 3) Muscle Layer 4) Serosa |
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What two things are needed for muscle contraction?
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1) CA2+
2) ATP |
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What is ATP?
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The main energy storage and transfer molecule in the cell.
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What is the function of the duodenum?
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Major site of digestion; receives products from the pancreas
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What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?
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Amylase
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What enzyme breaks down nucleic acids?
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Nucleases
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What enzyme breaks down lipids?
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Lipases
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