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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Radura
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Irradiation is a process, but it must be labeled
like an additive. Food must contain this symbol. |
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Sterilization
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• Refers to the complete destruction of microorganisms.
• Often requires at least 121 °C (250F) for 15 minutes to destroy all spores. • In practice, food would require much longer times because there is a lag between exposure to heat and when the product reaches the desired temperature. |
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E. Coli O157:H7 - General
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One of the hundreds of strains normally found in the large intestine of animals. Most commonly linked to
undercooked ground beef, but outbreaks have been traced to sprouts and unpasteurized fruit juice. |
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E. Coli O157:H7 - Symptoms
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• Severe abdominal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea and occasionally fever.
• Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a serious consequence of this disease and is the leading cause of kidney failure in children. • Central nervous system disease, seizures, coma and blood clots in the brain may also develop, and may result in death. |
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E. Coli O157:H7 - Causes
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• The organism resides in the intestinal tract and is shed
in the feces. • Slaughter and milking procedures can contaminate food products. • Bacteria usually are only found on the exterior of intact products, and can be easily killed during the cooking process. Hamburger and other ground meat products may evenly distribute the bacteria throughout the product. |
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E. Coli O157:H7 - Prevention
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• Food-protection education
• Cook meats thoroughly, until the juices run clear. (155ºF for ground meats/hamburger) • Avoid cross-contamination (contact of raw food with cooked foods) • Good personal hygiene with an emphasis on hand washing |
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Fat digestion - General
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• ~95% consumed is absorbed
• Triglyceride from food becomes triglyceride in adipose • Problems: 1.Triglycerides are large • Primary enzyme for digestion - Pancreatic Lipase 2. Water and fat do not mix |
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Fat digestion - Stomach
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• Gastric lipase works only in an acidic environment.
• Gastric lipase acts on triglycerides containing short & medium chain fatty acid. • Longer fatty acid chain is not affected by the stomach. |
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Fat digestion - Small Intestine
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• Primary site of fat digestion
• CCK stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic lipase • Pancreas release lipase • Bile acid emulsifies digested fat • Fat is broken down to monoglycerides and fatty acids |
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Pathogenic Growth
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• Invade the host (in this case man) and create problems.
• There are no pathogenic organisms that can grow at a pH below 4.6. • Temperatures between 40 and 140 support growth. • Contamination causes growth very rapidly. |
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Prokaryotic Cells
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• No nucleus.
• Has a cell wall. Reproduction: • Bacteria reproduce by binary fission, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells. • Mechanism is simpler than for eukaryotic cells. • Simplicity gives potential for very rapid population growth. |
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Microorganism Growth
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Factors that affect the growth of bacteria:
• Nutrients • pH • Oxygen tension • Temperature • Water activity • Presence of other microorganisms. Facts: • Reproduce by binary fission in a geometric manner • Under ideal conditions can double in 20 minutes. 100 organisms can become 1 million in 3.5 hours. • In may cases between 100,000 and 1 million organisms per gram will cause an effect. • In some special cases this number may be as low as 10 viable organisms. |
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Soluble Fiber
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• Pectin
• Lower cholesterol, regulate blood sugar (diabetes) • Fruit, vegetable, rice bran, psyllium husk, flax seed |
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Vitamin D
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• Sunshine exposure
• Maintain blood calcium/phosphorous • 1. Bone – Mobilize calcium • 2. Intestine - Increase calcium and phosphorous absorption • 3. Kidney -Reabsorb calcium and phosphorous • Maintain bone integrity |
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Niacin
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• B3
• Lowers cholesterol. • Formed from amino acid tryptophan. • Flushing - "____ Rush" • Releases energy from carbohydrate, protein, fat • Component of two coenzymes involved in oxidation/reduction reactions • NAD and NADP • Make proteins, DNA, RNA • Meat, liver, peanut butter (corn is a poor source) • Deficiency - Pellagra and 4D's |
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Listeria
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• Can grow in the cold (psychrophile).
• Ready to eat foods. • Pregnant women - can cause spontaneous abortion. • Commonly found in feces and milk of humans and animals. |
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Folate
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Function
• Regeneration of cells • Synthesis of DNA • Red blood cell formation Deficiency • Megaloblastic anemia (large immature red cells). • Neural tube defects (NTDs, spina bifida). • From maternal folate deficiency & genetic defect in folate metabolism. |
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Vitamin B12
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• Similar to folate
- Growth - RBC formation • Unique function - Maintains nerve insulation: myelin sheath |
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Aerobic glycolysis
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• Microorganisms require oxygen to grow.
• Plenty of oxygen available. • Low to moderate intensity. • 30-32 ATP/glucose • ATP replenished slowly. • Sustained ATP production (2 min. - 3 hrs. of work). |
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Anaerobic Glycolysis
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• Limited oxygen (increased physical activity).
• Pyruvate converted to lactate. - Produces 2 ATP/glucose • Replenishes ATP quickly - Cannot sustain ATP production - 30 sec. - 2 min. of work. • Lactate buildup - changes in acidity that inhibits glycolysis enzymes |
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Protein Intake
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Most people obtain enough protein through their normal, daily diets.
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12 D Process
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Heating canned foods long enough and at a high enough temperature that the number of spores would decrease by a factor of 10^-12.
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Colstridium perfingens
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• Cooked meat products and gravies are the primary foods
involved in these outbreaks. • Is an anaerobic spore farmer and thus doesn't present a hazard in raw foods. Live organisms must be ingested before illness occurs. • Foods are cooked enough to kill competing organisms, but not enough to kill perfringens spores. • Foods are then allowed to cool slowly by being left out at room temperature or by being improperly refrigerated. • Organisms multiply and then are consumed and sporulate in the gut. • When they do this, they produce a toxin that causes the symptoms. |
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Triglycerides/fat
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• 95% if lipids in foods and bodies.
• Primary enzyme for digestion - pancreatic lipase. |
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Glucose; monosaccharides
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• One of carbohydrates simple sugars; major sugar in body.
• Major energy source. • Maintenance of glucose levels in plasma (brain). • Part of its molecule comes from the sun's energy. |
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Limiting Amino Acid
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• Specific amino acid present in the lowest quantity compared to need.
• When necessary amino acids are present, protein synthesis occurs. • If even one necessary amino acid is missing, protein synthesis stops. |
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NIMBY
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• "Not In My Back Yard"
• Deals with consumer acceptance of new developments being built near their homes. |
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Goiter
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• Iodide deficiency.
• Thyroid gland enlarges with low intake of iodide. |
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Pasteurization
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• A comparatively low energy thermal process with two
main objectives: – Designed to destroy all pathogenic microorganisms that might grow in a specific product. – Extension off shelf life by decreasing number of spoilage organisms present. • Product is not sterile and will be subject to spoilage. • Mild heat treatment designed to kill organisms that: – Cause disease (pathogens) – Cause major spoilage |
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Vitamin A Deficiency
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• Cells stop secreting mucus
become dry, hard, and die. • Night blindness • Stunting of growth • Xeropthalmia • Problems with skin and epithelial cells that line respiratory, digestive and genitourinary tracts. • Abnormalities of enamel-forming cells of the teeth. • "Golden Rice" |
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Polyunsaturated/ Monounsaturated fats
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• One or more double bonds.
• Most plant oils. • Mono: One double bond. • Poly: Two or more double bonds. • Olive oils. |
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Bacillus cereus
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• Implicated in a number of food poisoning outbreaks. A notable one occurred here in Columbus.
• Common spore former. Because the spores are relatively heat stable, some will survive cooking. • Often associated with RICE being held at improper temperature. |
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BMR
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• Basal Metabolic Rate
• Energy required to sustain life. - At rest but awake. - Varies by individuals. - Heartbeat, respiration, body temperature. • 60-70% of total energy needs. |
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Iron Stores
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• "Body's Gold"
• Deficiency - Anemia. • Upper small intestine is absorption site. • Low storage - increased absorption. |
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Vitamin A
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• Most important vitamin.
• Xerophthalmia - pathologic dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea. • Functions - Vision—night blindness and ultimate blindness. - Maintains body linings and skin. - Bone growth. - Reproduction. • Active form - Retinol. • Precursor - Carotene. |
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Pathogenic Bacteria
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Any type of bacteria that has the ability to cause infectious disease.
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