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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
time devoted to communication activities |
speaking 16.1% reading 17.1% interpersonal listening 27.5% media listening 27.9% writing 11.4% |
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define interpersonal listening
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process of receiving and responding to other's messages |
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define hearing
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process in which sound waves strike the eardrum and cause vibrations that are transmitted to the brain |
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what is mindless listening?
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reacting to others' messages automatically and routinely without much mental involvement |
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what is mindful listening?
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giving careful and thoughtful attention and responses to the messages we receive |
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what Chinese characters make up the verb "to listen"
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ear, eyes, heart, undivided attention |
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4 reasons for listening
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To understand, evaluate, build and maintain relationships, help others |
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define listening fidelity
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the degree of congruence between what a listener understands and what the message-sender was attempting to communicate. |
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To evaluate as a type of listening
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critical listening |
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4 reasons why listening is not easy
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info overload, personal concerns, rapid thought, noise, |
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define pseudolistening
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when you look like you are attentive: you look the speaker in the eye, you nod and smile, but your mind is elsewhere |
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stage hogging |
when people are interested only in expressing their ideas and don't care about what anyone else had to say.also referred to as conversational narcissism
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what is selective listening? |
when people respond only to the parts of a speaker's remarks that interest them, rejecting everything else |
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what is meant by "filling in the gaps"
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a listening habit that involves adding details never mentioned by a speaker to complete a message
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what is insulated listening?
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almost the opposite of selective listening. Instead of looking for something, these listeners avoid it. If a topic arises that they don't want to deal with they fail to hear or acknowledge it
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what is defensive listening?
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when the listener takes innocent comments as personal attacks
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what is ambushing?
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when a listener listens carefully only to collect information that will be used to attack what is being said
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components of mindful listening
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hearing, attending, understanding, remembering, and responding
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define attending
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a phase of the listening process in which the communicator focuses on a message, excluding other messages
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define understanding
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when the listener attaches meaning to a message |
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what is remembering?
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the ability to recall information once we've understood it
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responding
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giving observable feedback to the speaker. |
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8 types of listening responses from more reflective, less directive, to less reflective, more directive
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silent listening, questioning, paraphrasing, emphasizing, supporting, analyzing, evaluating, advising |
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silent listening
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staying attentive and nonverbally responsive without offering any verbal feedback
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questioning
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regarded as "the most popular piece of languagewhen the listener asks the speaker for additional information
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5 reasons to ask sincere, nonderective questions
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clarify meaning, learn about others' thoughts, feelings, and wants, to encourage elaboration, discovery, and to gather more facts and details
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sincere questions
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aimed at understanding others
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counterfeit questions
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disguised attempts to send a message, not receive one
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5 varieties of counterfeit questions
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questions that: trap the speaker, make statements, carry hidden agendas, seek "correct" answers, are bases on unchecked assumptions
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paraphrasing
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feedback that restates, in the listener's own words, what he thought the speaker sent
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paraphrasing factual vs personal information
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factual info is easier to paraphrase than personal (thoughts, feelings, and wants of others')info
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emphasizing |
a response style you use when you want to show that you identify with a speaker
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examples of emphasizing
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wow, ouch, uh-huh, I see, whew, I can see that really hurts, looks like that really made your day
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supporting responses
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reveal the listener's solidarity with the speaker's situation
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5 types of supportive responses
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agreement, offers to help, praise, reassurance, diversion
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analyzing
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offering an interpretation of a speaker's message
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evaluating
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appraising the sender's thoughts or behaviors either favorably or unfavorably
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advising
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giving advice in response to the message sent by the speaker
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emotional intelligence
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a term coined by Daniel Goleman to describe the ability to understand and manage one's own emotions and to be sensitive to others' feelings
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cognitive interpretations
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the mind plays an important role in how we feel. the body experiences similar physical conditions when in an emotionally positive or negative state
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6 influences of emotional expression
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personality, culture, gender, social conventions and roles, fear of self-disclosure, emotional contagion
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the U.S. is internationally known as a what?
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"culture of cheerfulness"
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women are more likely to be emotionally ________ than men
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expressive
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Emotion Labor
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Managing and even suppressing emotions when it is both appropriate and necessary to do so.
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emotional contagion |
the process by which emotions are transferred from one person to another
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Guidelines for Expressing Emotions
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Recognize your feelingsChoose the best languageShare multiple feelingsRecognize the difference between feeling and actingAccept responsibility for your feelingsChoose the best time and place to express your feelings
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facilitative emotions
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emotions that contribute to effective functioning
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debilitative emotions |
emotions of high intensity and long duration that prevent a person from functioning effectively
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communication apprehension
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feelings of anxiety that plague some people at the prospect of communicating in an unfamiliar or difficult context
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rumination
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recurrent thoughts not demanded by the immediate environment
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self-talk |
nonvocal, internal monologue that is our process of thinking
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fallacy of perfection
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irrational belief that a worthwhile communicator should be able to handle every situation with complete confidence and skill
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fallacy of approval
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irrational belief that it is vital to win the approval of virtually every person with whom a communicator interacts
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fallacy of should
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irrational belief that people should behave in the most desirable way
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3 bad consequences yielded from obsessing over shoulds |
Unnecessary unhappinessKeeps you from changing unsatisfying conditionsTends to build a defensive climate in others
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fallacy of overgeneralization
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irrational beliefs in which (1) conclusions (usually negative) are based on limited evidence or (2) communicators exaggerate their shortcomings.
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fallacy of causation
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irrational beliefs that emotions are caused by others and not by the person who has them.
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fallacy of helplessness
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irrational belief that satisfaction in life is determined by forces beyond on's control.
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fallacy of catastrophic expectatioins
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irrational belief that the worst possible outcome will probably occur
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4 steps to manage debilitative emotions
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Monitor your emotional reactionsNote the Activating EventRecord your self-talkDispute your irrational beliefs
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2 key characteristics of debilitating emotions
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intensity (they are too intense) and duration (they last too long)
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reappraisal
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rethinking the meaning of emotionally charged events in ways that alter their emotional impact
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The Nature of Language
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Symbolic
Rule Governed Subjective Worldview |
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Language is symbolic |
Words are arbitrary symbols that have no meaning
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Phonological Rules |
Rules governing the way in which sounds are pronounced in a language.
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Syntactic Rules |
Rules that govern the ways symbols can be arranged as opposed to the meanings of those symbols.
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Semantic Rules |
Governs meaning of language as opposed to its structure.
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Pragmatic Rules |
Rules that govern interpretation of language in terms of its social context.
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Ogden and Richards' Triangle of Meaning |
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Linguistic Relativism |
The notion that the language individuals use exerts a strong influence on their perceptions.
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Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis |
The best–known declaration of LINGUISTIC RELATIVISM formulated by Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir.
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The Impact of Language |
Naming and Identity
Affiliation Power Sexism and Racism |
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Convergence |
The process of adapting one's speech style to match that of others with whom one wants to identify.
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Divergence |
Speaking in a way that emphasizes difference from others
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Powerless speech mannerisms |
Forms of speech that communicate to others a lack of power in the speaker: hedges hesitations intensifiers and so on.
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Racist language |
Language that classifies members of one racial group as superior and others as inferior.
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Sexists language |
Words phrases and expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between females and males or exclude trivialize or diminish either sex.
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Uses (and Abuses) of Language |
Precision and Vagueness
The Language of Responsibility Disruptive Language |
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Ambiguous Language |
Consists of words and phrases that have more than one commonly accepted definition
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Abstractions |
Convenient ways of generalizing about similarities between several objects people ideas or events
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Abstraction Ladder |
A range of more abstract to less abstract terms describing an event or object. //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/2/images/upload-flashcards/77/89/49/6778949_m.jpeg
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Euphemism |
A pleasant term substituted for a blunt one in order to soften the impact of unpleasant information.
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Relative Language |
gains meaning by comparison
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Static Evaluation |
Treating people or objects as if they were unchanging.
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The Language of Responsibility |
It Statements
But Statements I You and We |
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"It" statement |
A statement in which "it" replaces the personal pronoun "I" making the statement less direct and more evasive.
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"I" language |
A statement that describes the speaker's reaction to another person's behavior without making judgments about its worth.
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"But" statement |
A statement in which the second half cancels the meaning of the first for example "I'd like to help you but I have to go or I'll miss my bus."
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"You" language |
A statement that expresses or implies a judgment of the other person.
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Assertiveness |
Clearly and directly expressing one's thoughts feelings and wants to another person.
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"We" language |
The use of first–person–plural pronouns to include others either appropriately or inappropriately. Language implying that the issue being discussed is the concern and responsibility of both the speaker and the receiver of a message.
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Factual Statements |
Claims that can be verified as true or false
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Opinion Statements |
Based on the speakers beliefs
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Inferential Statement |
A statement based on an interpretation of evidence
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Evaluative Language |
Language that conveys the sender's attitude rather than simply offering an objective description.
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Gender and Language |
Extent of Gender Differences
Accounting and for Gender Differences |
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Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication |
All behavior has communicative value |
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Nonverbal Communication |
messages expressed by nonlinguistic means
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Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication |
Often unconscious
Usually relational Inherently ambiguous Primarily shaped by biology Continuous Multichanneled |
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Emblems |
Deliberate nonverbal behaviors with precise meanings known to virtually all members of a cultural group.
Or nonverbal behaviors that are culturally understood substitutes for verbal expressions. |
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Functions of Nonverbal Communication |
Creating and maintaining relationships
Regulating interaction Influencing others Concealing/Deceiving Managing Identity |
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Regulators |
cues that help control verbal interaction |
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Examples of interaction regulators |
Vocal intonations drawls on the last syllable drop in pitch or loudness when speaking a common expression like "you know."
Eye contact – speaker usually makes less until he is ready for a response which is signaled by a "gaze window" |
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Direct eye contact wear spiffy clothes use open body postures touch the listener be friendly and upbeat. |
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What are the 3 findings in "Deception Detection 101" by Burgoon and Levine? |
We are accurate in detecting deception only slightly more than half the time. |
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Categories of managing identity nonverbally per Metts and Grohskopf |
Manner–how we act
Appearance–how we dress look smell Setting–physical items we're surrounded by |
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Types of Nonverbal Communication |
Body movement
Touch Voice Distance Territoriality Time Physical attractiveness Clothing Physical Environment |
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Examples of body movement |
Face and eyes posture gestures
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KINESICS |
the study of body movements
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Manipulators |
Movements in which one part of the body grooms massages rubs holds fidgets with pinches picks or otherwise manipulates another part.
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Haptics |
the study of touch in human communication
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Paralanguage |
Nonlinguistic means of vocal expression for example rate pitch and tone.
Or a term to describe the way a message is spoken. |
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Disfluencies |
Nonlinguistic verbalizations for example um er ah.
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Types of pauses in paralinguistic communication |
unintentional and vocalized (disfluencies)
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Types of Distance |
Intimate Personal Social Public
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Proxemics |
The study of how people use space.
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Personal Space |
The distance we put between ourselves and others.
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Intimate Distance |
One of Hall's four distance zones ranging from skin contact to 18 inches
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Personal Distance |
One of Hall's four distance zones ranging from 18 inches to 4 feet
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Social Distance |
One of Hall's four distance zones ranging from 4 to 12 feet.
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Public Distance |
One of Hall's four distance zones extending outward from 12 feet.
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Territory |
a stationary area claimed by a person or animal
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Chronemics |
The study of how people use and structure time
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Messages clothing conveys |
Economic/Education level |