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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define the 1st law of Thermodynamics |
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but transformed from one form to another without being depleted. |
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Energy Substrate = ______ |
ATP |
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(T/F) We store more PCr than ATP |
True. |
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What is the process than involves hydrolysis of triglycerides into 1 glycerol and 3 FFA chains? |
Glycolysis |
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What is the enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis? |
Lipase. |
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What are factors that lead to a decrease in force generating capacity? |
1. Increased levels of muscle lactate. 2. decrease in glycogen supply 3. fatigue in the neuromuscular junction |
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What is ATPase? |
The enzyme responsible for hydrolizing ATP during sliding filament theory. |
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Protein synthesis ________ during exercise, and ________ after exercise |
Decreases, Increases |
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How can inhibition of muscles increase strength gains? |
1. Coactivation 2. Decreased sensitivity of golgi tendon organs |
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Immobilization primarily affects Type____ fibers |
Type 1 |
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How many ATP can palmitic acid yield? |
106 ATP |
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The glycolytic system would be the primary source of ATP for.... |
15sec-2min |
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Potential energy content of a substrate is expressed in these units: |
kcals/g |
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How do we break down Acetyl CoA in the Krebs cycle and what do we net from one glucose molecule? |
Citric Acid: Acetyl-CoA --> GTP --> ATP Net= 6 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH |
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The process of converting nonglucose substrates into glucose is called __________ |
Gluconeogenesis. |
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(T/F) During Concentric contraction of a bicep curl, we create more force at slower speeds.. |
True. |
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3 main components of the stretch reflex: |
1. Muscle spindles/Golgi tendon organs 2. Afferent: muscle fiber to spinal cord 3. Efferent: spinal cord to muscle fiber |
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What factor causes fatigue after 1-2min of high-intensity exercise? |
Lactic Acid Accumulation. |
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Fat burns in a carbohydrate flame because?... |
Because glycogen stores are depleted, slowing processes down. |
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What energy do we yield during Beta-Oxidation? |
NADH and FADH |
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The most common conversion of muscle fiber types is Type _____ to Type _____. |
Type IIa to Type IIx |
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The release of _________ initiates the power stroke during the sliding filament theory. |
Phosphate. |
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Type II fibers have a highly developed ______, suggesting that they are more adept at delivering calcium into the muscle cell during contraction. |
SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum) |
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Explain how energy is created in the electron transport chain. |
H+ electrons are carried to the ETC via NADH and FADH molecules. H+ electrons travel down the chain and combine with O2. These electrons + O2 help form ATP. |
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What are 3 rate limiting enzymes? What will speed up/slow down the activation of these enzymes? Which energy system is each of these enzymes found in? |
Glycolysis: PFK - \/ ATP (/\ ADP) --> /\ PFK activity /\ ATP --> \/ PFK activity ATP-PCr: CK - \/ ATP (/\ ADP) --> /\ CK activity /\ ATP --> \/ CK activity Krebs: IDH - \/ ATP (/\ ADP) --> /\ IDH activity /\ ATP --> \/ IDH activity |
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The release of energy for PCr is catalyzed by: 1. Phosphocreatine 2. Creatine Kinase 3. Creatinine 4. Creatine phosphate |
CK (Creatine Kinase) |
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What are the 4 end fates of lactate? |
Taken up by the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, and the brain. |
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What are some pros and cons of lactate? |
Pros: Anaerobic, fast, creates sugar Cons: Increased acidity, Increased fatigue, slows glycolysis. |
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How many ATP are produced for 1 NADH and 1 FADH? |
NADH = 2.5 ATP FADH = 1.5 ATP |
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As intensity increases, in which order are fibers recruited? |
Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx |
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(T/F) Type IIa fibers exhibit a mixture of slow and fast twitch characteristics. |
True. |
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Conducting AP, transporting nutrients to the muscle fiber, and accommodating their stretch are all actions performed by the ___________. |
plasmalemma. |
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Explain what is occurring during glycolysis, and what is the net gain from this? |
Investment phase: uses 2 ATP Cleavage phase: into 2, three-carbon molecules Pay-off phase: --> Net: 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvate molecules. |
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The A bands of the sarcomere represent areas of: 1. thin filaments 2. thick filaments 3. thin and thick filaments 4. filament attachment |
Thin and Thick filaments |
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Absolute strength gains are typically greatest in: 1. Women 2. Men 3. Children 4. The Elderly |
Men |
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Describe the Gradation of Force Principle. |
The force of muscle action varies from slight to maximal in one of two mechanisms: 1. Increasing the # of motor units recruited 2. Increasing the frequency of motor unit discharge. |
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Which of the following is/are true about the myelin sheath? a. Made of Schwann cells b. Allow for saltatory conduction c. Insulate the nerve cell d. All of these |
All of these. |
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Which ion transporter is engaged at rest to maintain resting membrane potential? |
Na+,K+, ATPase pump |
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What are 3 variables that help determine which fiber type we will use? |
Age, Training, Genetics |
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Describe the difference between Type I and Type II muscle fibers in regards to sarcoplasmic reticulum, motor units, events, substrates. |
Type I: smaller neurons, innervates <300 fibers, endurance events. (marathon) Type II: larger neurons, innervates >300 fibers, more developed SR for faster calcium release. -Type IIa: short, high-intensity endurance (1600m) -Type IIx: short, explosive sprints (100m) |
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What set of factors determines the rate of ATP production? |
Substrate availability and enzyme activity. |
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What are the 4 adaptions that occur to cause an increase in muscle hypertrophy? |
1. More myofibrils 2. More actin, myosin filaments 3. More sarcoplasm 4. More connective tissue |
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What is myostatin's role in the body? Also, what happens when we are deficient in myostatin? |
Myostatin controls the growth of muscles in the body. Deficiency = Increase in body muscle (potenially harmful). |
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What is the difference (physiologically) between immobilization and detraining? |
Detraining: planned, still some movement, when return 1 rep max can actually increase. Immobilization: 3-4% muscle strength lost in less than 24hrs, atrophy of muscle, decreased protein synthesis. |
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Many marathon runners "hit the wall" around mile 20. What does this tell you about glycogen? |
That their glycogen stores are mostly depleted by mile 20. |
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During the 400m sprint (50-60sec), which two metabolic pathways will be primarily involved? |
ATP-PCr and Glycolysis |
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Discuss strength training for children/adolescents and elderly individuals. |
Children: mostly body weight resistance training. Strength training is okay with supervision to make sure they are using proper form and safety precautions are taken. Elderly: Helps /\ quality of life and \/ # of falls. Also need super vision for safety and technique. |
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(T/F) NADH and FADH contribute to ATP production during electron transport chain. |
True. |
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(T/F) Carbohydrate oxidation contributes to glycolysis and PCr. |
True. |