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189 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Accuracy |
the closeness of observations, computations, or estimates to the true values or to values accepted as being true |
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aerial |
of, pertaining to, or occurring in the air or atmosphere |
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areal photograph, oblique. |
an aerial photograph taken with the camera axis directed between the horizontal and vertical. 1) high oblique - an oblique photograph in which the horizon is shown; 2) low oblique - an oblique photograph in which the horizon is not shown |
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aerial photograph, vertical |
an aerial photograph made with the optical axis of the camera approximately perpendicular to the earth's surface and with the film as nearly horizontal as is practical |
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algorithm |
a statement of the steps to be followed in the solution of a problem; an algorithm may come in the form of a word description, an explanatory note, or a labeled diagram or flowchart |
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alluvium |
any material deposited by arunning water; the soil material of floodplains and alluvial fans |
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aquifer |
any subsurface material that holds a relatively large quantity of groundwater and is able to transmit that water readily |
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aspect |
the horizontal direction in which a slope faces |
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band |
a specific frequency or range of frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum |
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baseflow |
a portion of stream flow contributed by groundwater; it is a steady flow that is slow to change even during rain less periods |
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cadastre |
a parcel based land information system |
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chlorophleth map |
a map comprised of areas of any size or shape representing qualitative phenomena or quantitative phenomena |
often has a mosaic appearance |
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coefficient of runoff |
a number given to a type of ground surface representing the proportion of rainfall converted to overland or surface flow |
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DEM |
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL |
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DESIGN STORM |
a rainstorm of a given intensity and frequency of recurrence that is used as a basis for stormwater management |
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list 5 guiding principles of a sustainable site |
-do no harm -precautionary principle -design with nature and culture -use a decision-making hierarchy of preservation, conservation, and regeneration -provide regenerative systems as intergenerational equity -support a living proces -use a systems thinking approach -use a collaborative and ethical approach -Maintain integrity in leadership and research -foster environmental stewardship |
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the ideal of 'do no harms' means what? |
you make no changes to the site that will degrade the surrounding environment. |
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what is the precautionary principle? |
being cautious when making decisions that could create a risk to human and environmental health |
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what does it mean to design with nature and culture? |
creating and implanting designs that are responsive to economic, environmental, and cultural conditions with respect to the local, regional, and global context |
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what's really happening when you use a decision making hierarchy of preservation, conservation and regeneration? |
the maximization and mimicing benefits of ecosystem services by preserving existing environmental features, conserving resources in a sustainable manner, and regenerating lost or damaged ecosystem services. |
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why should we provide regenerative systems as intergenerational equity? |
it provides future generations with a sustainable environment supported by regenerative systems and endowed with regenerative resources |
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how do you support a living process? |
by continously reevaluating assumptions and values and adapt to demographic and environmental change. |
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what's the systems thinking approach? |
understand and value the relationships in an ecosystem and use an approach that reflects and sustains ecosystems services; reestablish the integral and essential relationship between natural processes and human activity |
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what's the collaborative and ethical approach? |
when you encourage direct and open communication among colleagues clients, manufacturers and users to link long term sustainability with ethical responsibility |
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how do you maintain integrity in leadership and research? |
by implementing transparent and participatory leadership, develop research with technical rigor, and communicate new findings in a clear, consistent, and timely manner.
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how do you foster environmental stewardship? |
in all aspects of land development and management, foster an understanding that responsible management of healthy ecosystems improves the quality of life for present and future generations
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A.B.S |
acrylontrile-butadienne-styrene; it's used primarily as waste and and storm water pipes and is lighter than pvc but more than twice as expensive |
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in terms of site analysis, why is location important? |
it refers to the projects relationship to the community. |
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List the factors that should be looked at before any work can begin on inventory and analysis of a site. |
- the project program - existing site conditions - all permit requirements - cost to perform all the inventory analysis |
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which directions do strong cold winds typically come from? |
Northwest |
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cool southern winds come from which direction |
Southwest |
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What are the benefits of a properly installed wind break? |
- lower heating costs in the winter - make the outside area more usable |
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what are some restrictions when developing on a site with wetlands |
- they usually have large setbacks - stricter building regulations |
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What is a major concern for plantings at the bottom of a hill? |
greater chance of frost damage
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cold air flows down hill |
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A low p.H. value indicates what? |
highly acidic |
pH of 1-6 on a gradient |
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a high p.H. Value indicates what |
highly alkaline |
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what is alkalinity |
the quantitative capacity of a solution to neutralize an acid |
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a p.h. value between 6.6 and 7.2 indicates what |
a substance is slightly acidic and slightly alkaline |
it's closer to being neutral in terms of acidity or alkalinity |
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what is a nuisance |
anything that interferes with ones right to quiet enjoyment |
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does porous asphalt reduce runoff? |
yes |
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does porous asphalt allow more water to infiltrate the soil? |
yes |
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does porous asphalt filter pollutants? |
no |
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stormwater management and open space requirements are what type of requirements? |
Zoning Codes |
federal laws may provide states and communities with some guidance with regards to regulations, but do not provide the actual rules or enforcement |
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Federal, State, or Local: which level of government enforces zoning codes? |
Local government
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Does U-shaped seating design promote conversation amongst groups in public spaces? |
Yes |
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Does L-shaped seating design promote conversation amongst groups in public spaces? |
yes |
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Does linear seating situated across from one another promote conversation amongst groups in public spaces? |
yes |
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What is Xeriscaping? |
using native plants in an area
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What is a benefit of xeriscaping? |
- reduced plant maintenance
- reduced amount of watering |
native plants are more conditioned to their environment. |
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is soil a renewable resource? |
no |
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is oil a renewable resource? |
no |
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is a tropical rain-forest a renewable resource? |
no |
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why isn't a tropical rain forest a renewable rain-forest? |
it would be impossible to replicate them anywhere else in the world |
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What is urban infill? |
the act of taking previously developed sites in urban areas that have been left vacant or blighted and redeveloping them. |
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List the benefits of urban infill. |
- renewing old neighborhoods - filling in the missing tracts of land in a row - decreased commuter traffic - cleaning up dirty and abandoned sites - preserving and enhancing the character of a neighborhood - limiting urban sprawl |
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List the disadvantages of urban infill |
- higher cost compared to building on a greenfield - old and inflexible zoning codes - potential disagreements with local residents about the intended use of the land compared to what they desire the land to become |
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what is a greenfield? |
a site that has little to no constraints due to prior work |
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what is the rough grade? |
the slope of the land before the final products such as plantings and hardscape are installed |
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what is the natural grade? |
the grade of the original land
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What is the finish grade? |
the grade after all the work has been done |
the same as the construction grade
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What is the construction grade? |
the grade after all the work has been done |
the same as the finish grade |
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are shrubs and smaller items good at blocking the sun? |
no |
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what does an ideal fuctional diagram present? |
connections between program elements |
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what doesn't an ideal functional diagram show? |
scale of areas or where they will sit on a site |
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does urban sprawl follow a linear path |
yes |
goes from city to suburbs |
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Does a grid layout indicate low population density? |
no |
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is a radial or circular design of a city consistent with a new urbanism village? |
yes |
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Of loam, clay and silt, which is the least erodible? |
loam |
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of loam, clay, and silt, which the most erodible? |
silt |
it's dusty but not as dusty as sand |
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which can you gather information about from a aerial photograph? topography, soil type, or vegetative cover. |
all |
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What is the purpose of traffic calming interventions? |
to make neighborhoods more pedestrian friendly and safer for everyone around. |
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list a few traffic calming techniques |
- speed bumps/humps - chicanes - narrowing of the road - small corner radii - related street elements such as lighting and traffic circles |
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What's a chicanes? |
a small bump out on either side of the street that temporarily narrows the road. |
Rochamboe |
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what is the benefit of a Critical path analysis? |
it breaks down the different parts of a job and sequences them so that the work is done efficiently and in a manner that things aren't done out of order |
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this test is used to determine the maximum density of soil needed for a project |
proctor test |
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this test is used to determine the consistency of the soil on a site |
hand test |
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this test is used to determine the density of natural or compacted soil and is used mainly for stability analysis |
sand cone test |
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list the most common types of easments |
- access - utility - conservation - scenic - solar |
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scenic easements |
protects scenic views on a site and limit any development that would block vistas and other scenic views |
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utility easements |
set up so that the utility companies can place their infrastructure on an individual's property and prevent the land owner from removing or damaging it |
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conservation easments |
intended to restrict the development potential of a piece of land for the betterment of the ecosystem. the use of these easements on a piece of land will also have an effect on its real estate values. |
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what are some options for gaining community input |
- town meetings - interviewing people in the neighborhood - sending out surveys |
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intended to show how a town may be developed over a long period of time |
a master plan |
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shows the different uses allowed throughout a community |
a land use map |
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shows how specific areas should be developed within a town |
an area plan |
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sets goals and objectives of a town over a long period of time. these types of plans do not get into the specifics of the designs of areas |
a comprehensive plan |
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intended to make for better designs and planning by learning from past designs, but do not involve the public's input. |
post occupancy evaluation |
behavioral observations and precedent studies |
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intended to locate and determine all physical, social, biological and cultural characteristics of a site |
a site inventory |
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list a few items that may be mapped out in a site inventory. |
- odors - traffic volume and circulation - elevations - bearing capacity of soils - landforms - winds - plant materials - prior land use - boundaries - noises - visual quality |
the 5 senses |
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usually fed by mineral rich surface water or groundwater. a kind of mire. dominated by peat moss |
a fen |
a type of wetland |
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a mire that accumulates peat, a deposit of dead plant material |
a bog |
type of wetland |
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dominated by herbaceous rather than woody plant species. often found at the edges of lakes and streams, where they form a transition between the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems |
a marsh |
type of wetland |
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occur along large rivers where they are critically dependent upon natural water level fluctuations |
a swamp |
type of wetland that is forested |
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a perennial tree or shrub where the stem remains above ground during the winter |
woody plant |
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has stems that die back to the ground each year |
herbaceous perennial plant |
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list the three types of woody perennials |
- arborescent - shrubby or fruticose - suffrutescent |
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describe an arborescent woody plant |
woody and tree like in size, usually with a single main trunk or stem
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potentially anything over 10 ft tall |
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describe a shrubby or fruticose woody plants |
woody throughout and large, usually with several main stems |
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describe suffrutescent woody plants |
a semi-shrub. a perennial plant with stems only woody at the base |
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list three types of herbaceous plants |
- annuals - biennials - herbaceous perennials |
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describe annual herbaceous plants |
plants that complete their life cycle in one year. |
they grow from seed, produce foliage, flower, and produce fruits and seed in one season |
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describe biennial herbaceous plants |
plants that live for two years from seed. they flower only or mostly in the second year |
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describe herbaceous perennials |
plants that live for 3 years or more |
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how are townships broken up and how are they numbered. |
they are broken up into sections forming a 6 by 6 grid. the grid is numbered starting in the northeast corner and flows in a serpentine manner, right to left, left to right, etc. |
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USGS maps provides what type of information about an area? |
- geological maps that provide soil types
- engineering properties of the soil - location of bedrock - natural hazard maps (fault lines, earthquake zones, eruption histories of volcanoes, landslide risk areas) - natural resources (groundwater, aquifers, geothermal) |
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T.O.D. |
Transit oriented developments are designed so that a person could walk from the edge of the town to the town center in 5 minutes |
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why can't you use an aerial photograph for creating topographic map |
these types of photographs have horizontal and vertical distortion |
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a description of soil when it is easily broken into smaller pieces with little to no effort |
friable |
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a description of soil when it easily molded or deformed and remains that way
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plastic |
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a description of soil when it doesn't hold together regardless of the situation |
loose |
it cannot be crushed by two fingers |
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a description of soil when it requires an adequate amount of pressure from two fingers in order to crush it |
firm |
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a connection of lines that enclose an area and whose coordinates are predetermined. |
closed traverse |
used for all property types except for preliminary road and terrain line boundaries, which would be an example of an open traverse |
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what is an aliquot part? |
a quarter or half division of a section of land
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what is home rule? |
where a municipality may demand more freedom from the rulings of a state
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I should be able to control what happens in my house without higher level interference |
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what are the five different categories of wetlands based on their characteristics |
- marine - estuarine - riverine - palustrine - lacustrine |
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what type of wetland do oceans and coastlines fall under? |
Marine |
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what type of wetland do tidal waters and salty tidal marshes fall under? |
estuarine |
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a wetland system that is semi enclosed at best |
Estuarine |
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what type of wetland do rivers and streams fall under? |
Riverine |
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a wetland system that is dominated by plant material |
Riverine |
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what type of wetland do marshes, bogs and swamps fall under? |
Palustrine |
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a wetland system that has a salinity level greater than 0.5% |
palustrine |
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what type of wetland do lakes and reservoirs fall under |
Lacustrine |
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a wetland system that is found in a depression, has a low salinity level and has a plant cover of less than 30% |
Lacustrine |
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what is conveyance? |
the legal process of transferring property from one owner to another? |
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what factors affect runoff |
- length of the storm - overall size of the watershed - amount of vegetation in the watershed |
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what are irregularities of the earth's surface called |
landforms |
they are an element of topography |
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what makes up a watershed? |
- stream channel - floodplain - upland areas - groundwater |
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the maximum angle in which the slope of soil remains stable |
angle of repose |
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the soils ability to withstand compressive forces from directly opposite sides |
compressive strength |
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the point in which soil begins to exhibit plastic behavior |
the plastic limit |
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the soil's ability to withstand pressure from a downhill force |
shear strength |
affected by the soil's composition, its structure and loading conditions |
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how might an aquifer become contaminated? |
- contaminants via rivers and streams - surface drainage -leaching of septic fields |
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why might it be a bad idea to develop on a former logging area? |
the site would be susceptible to erosion
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what category does a marsh fall under when it's classified based on soil and plant conditions |
hydrophyte and hydric soils |
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what category does a swamp fall under when it's classified based on soil and plant conditions? |
hydrophyte and hydric soils |
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what category does a seaweed covered shore fall under when it's classified based on soil and plant conditions? |
areas without soils but with hydrophytes |
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what category does a tidal flat fall under when it's classified based on soil and plant conditions? |
areas without hydrophytes or soil
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the angle of incidence |
the angle that the sun's rays strike the earth |
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the azimuth of the sun |
the angle of the sun north or south of an east-west line |
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albedo |
an objects ability to reflect the sun's rays |
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what's the ideal riser to tread relationship? |
between 24" and 26" |
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when is summer solstice (the longest day of the year) |
June 21/22 |
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when is winter solstice (the shortest day of the year) |
December 21/22 |
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which direction do base lines run? |
east to west |
same as lattitudes
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which direction do meridians run? |
north to south |
same as longitudes |
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the point on a hill in which the entire slope can be seen |
military crest |
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gardens characterized by rolling hills |
English gardens |
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gardens characterized by being more formal and orderly
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italian and french gardens |
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gardens characterized by often being simplistic with a main feature is the rock gardens |
japanese gardens |
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list a few physical attributes of a site |
- drainage patterns - microclimate - water table - depth to bedrock - soils - slope - wind direction |
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riparian |
of, relating to, situated on the banks of a river
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interfluve |
the land area separating adjacent stream valleys |
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designed to filter pollutants on site using plant material and only allow overflow water to drain into the pipes with the rest infiltrating the soil |
Bioretention ponds
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this type of design should occur on smaller sites with gentle slope and a low water table to prevent contamination of the ground water. |
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when local lakes and streams feed the wetland system with water, what type of wetland is it? |
composite wetland |
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when a wetland is fed mainly by streams, what type of wetland is it? |
Riparian |
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when a wetland is fed by high water tables, what type of wetland is it? |
groundwater |
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when a wetland is fed by runoff, what type of wetland is it |
surface |
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stratified sampling |
allows specific areas to be chosen beforehand for sampling using such items as aerial photographs
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what is the benefit of stratified sampling? |
as long as no elements are excluded, this is viable method of sampling
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systematic sampling |
a random sampling method using a systematic approach |
a sample can be taken at 15 ft. intervals off of a line, but the direction off the line at each interval and the distance from the interval is random |
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quadrant sampling |
involves setting up individual quadrants throughout a property and everything within that quadrant be recorded |
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random sampling |
is unpredictable |
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list a few locations that should have a spot elevation |
- corners of buildings - manhole covers - landings - tops and bottoms of retaining walls and steps - high points of swales - invert elevations and rim elevations |
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GIS technology |
creates data using georeferencing, but does not provide data analysis, just the data |
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GPS technology |
used to locate and map different physical items on a site, but provides no analysis |
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LIDAR |
uses aircrafts and light to create digital models of sites, but does not provide data analysis |
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1 section |
640 acres |
also 1 square mile |
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1 acre |
43,560 Square feet |
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how are sedimentary rocks formed |
when sediments are deposited by the wind, water, gravity, etc. and the pressure forces them together into rock layers |
most common rocks and make for good uses in outdoor living spaces |
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what are two types of sedimentary rocks? |
limestone and sandstone
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what is the average number of household trips? |
13 |
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how are parcels of land identified? |
from the smallest division to the quadrangle it is located in |
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what type of survey shows the property boundaries and building locations but does not show topography? |
Mortgage surveys |
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what type of survey shows the contour lines of a specified piece of land and will not show proposed structures? |
Topographic survey
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what type of survey delineates the boundary of a piece of land in legal terms? |
a boundary survey |
used to establish the true property corners of a lot and is needed to obtain a building permit |
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what type of survey shows all existing and proposed items as well as contours and site boundaries? |
a plot plan survey |
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what type of survey is used to establish lengths and directions of boundary lines and not necessary for building permits? |
a land survey |
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what type of survey is used to restore property lines in the public land survey system? |
a cadastral survey |
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what type of survey is used in construction to obtain the quantities of work to take place on a site? |
Quantity survey
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what is the maximum grad of a slope that is to be mowed |
3 to 1 (3:1) |
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how far apart should consecutive intersections be placed |
at least 125 feet |
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a small grassy hill is also known as ... |
a knoll
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mean sea level is a reference line called ... |
a datum |
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a reference point with a known elevation, which usually references the elevation above or below sea level. |
a bench mark |
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which part of a fores allows for the most amount of plant diversity? |
the forest edge |
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why does the forest edge allow for more plant diversity? |
increased amounts of sunlight is able to pass through to the understory at the edge |
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this type of mach shows a single attribute; it can express anything from physical properties, social, cultural or economic qualities of the land in question. |
thematic map |
land use maps, elevation range and soil suitability maps |
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the study of landforms and the way they are created by such things as erosion |
Geomorphology |
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