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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Metabolite
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A chemical intermediate in the enzyme-catalyzed reactions of metabolism
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p. 3, 13-14, 486
Secondary, p. 13 |
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Nucleus
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In eukaryotes, a membrane-bounded organelle that contains chromosomes
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p. 3, 3f
Targeting 1104, 1105f |
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Genome
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All the genetic information encoded in a cell or virus
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p. 3, 33
Annotated genome (p. 34) Bacterial genome (949, 950f) Sequencing of bacterial genome (323) Components of (323, 952) Eukaryotic (949-951) Evolution of (33-36) Mapping of (317-324) Sequencing of (33-35, 317-324) Synteny in (325) Viral (947, 949, 950) Yeast (949, 950) |
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Eukaryote
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A unicellular or multicellular organism with cells having a membrane-bound nucleus, multiple chromosomes, and internal organelles
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p. 3
Cell structures (6-9) Evolution of (33) DNA of (949-951) |
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Prokaryote
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A term used historically to refer to any species in the kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea. The differences between bacteria (formerly referred to as 'Eubacteria"0 and archaea are sufficiently great that the inclusive term is of marginal usefulness. A tendency to use "prokaryote" when referring only to bacteria is common and misleading; "prokaryote" also implies an ancestral relationship to eukaryotes, which is incorrect. IN this text, "prokaryote" and "prokaryotic" are no longer used
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p. 3
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Bacteria
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One of the 5 kindgoms of living organisms; bacteria have a plasma membrane but no internal organelles or nucleus
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p. 4-5
amino acids of (877-878) anaeorobic (631) antibiotic-resistant (217-218, 400, 949) Cell structure (5-7) Cell walls (249, 797) Cellulose synthesis (797) DNA replication (977-991) Endosymbiotic (33-34, 739, 761, 762) Evolution of (32-33, 761-764) Fatty acid synthesis (806-811, 815) Gene regulation (1126-1136) Genes (952) Genetic map (976) Glycogen Synthesis (792) Gram -/+ (5) Photochemical Reaction Center (749-751, 376, 377) Halophilic (ATP synthesis) (762-764 Lectins (260, 262) LPS (256-257) Nitogren-fixing (856-857) Nucleoids (970) Peptidoglycan (796-797) Potassium Channels (408-409) Signaling (547-459) Structure (5-7) |
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Archaea
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One of the five kingdoms of living organisms; includes many species that thrive in extreme environments of high ionic strength, high temperature, or low pH
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p. 4-5
Membrane lipids (352-353) |
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Cytoskeleton
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The filamentous network that provides structure and organization to the cytoplasm; includes actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
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p. 8-10
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Stereoisomers
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Compounds that have the same composition and the same order of atomic connections but differ in molecular arrangements
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p. 15, 72-74
Nomenclature (17) Optical Activity (17, 73) |
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Configuration
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The spatial arrangement of an organic molecule that is conferred by the presence of either (1) double bonds, about which there is no freedom of rotation, or (2) chiral centers, around which substituent groups are arranged in a specific sequence. Configurational isomers cannot be interconverted without breaking one or more covalent bonds.
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p. 15
Isomeric (15-18) vs. Conformation (239) |
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Entropy
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The extent of randomness or disorder in a system (S)
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p. 20-22, 490
Protein stability (p. 114-115) Solubility (47, 49) |
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Enthalpy
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The heat content of system (H)
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p. 22, 490-491
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Free-Energy Change
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The amount of free energy released (negative) or absorbed (positive) in a reaction at constant temperature and pressure (delta G)
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p. 23-24, 186-187, 490
ATP hydrolysis (502-504) Carbohydrate metabolism (575) Electrochemical Gradient (720) Enzymatic Reactions (23-24, 186-192) Esterification (493) Glycolytic Reactions in Erythrocytes (p. 553) Membrane Transport (396) Protein Synthesis (1095) |
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Endergonic Reaction
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A chemical reaction that consumes energy (that is, for which the free-energy change is positive)
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p. 22-25
Coupled with Exergonic Reactions (p. 22-24) |
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Exergonic Reaction
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A chemical reaction that proceeds with the release of free energy (that is, for which the free-energy is negative)
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p. 22-25
Citric Acid Cycle (636-637) Pyruvate to Phosphoenolpyrubate (553-557) Coupled with Endergonic Reactions (22-24) |
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Equilibrium
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The state of a system in which no further net change is occurring; the free energy is at a minimum
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p. 23
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Standard Free Energy Change
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The free energy change for a reaction occurring under a set of standard conditions: temperature, 298 K; pressure, 1atm (101.3 kPa); and all solutes at 1M concentration.
Delta G prime denotes the standard free-energy change at pH 7.0 in 55.5 M water |
p. 24, 186-187
Acid Anhydride (493) Additive (494-495) Amide (493) ATP synthesis (725-726) Biochemical (186) Concentration Dependent (491-494) Electron Transfer (718-720) Equilibrium Constant (188, 491-493) Peptides (493) pH (493) |
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Activation Energy
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The amount of energy in joules required to convert all the molecules in 1 mol of a reacting substance from the ground state to the transition state
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p. 25, 187
Enzymatic Reactions (187) Membrane Transport (390-391) Rate Constant (188) |
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Catabolism
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The phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with the energy-yielding degradation of nutrient molecules
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p. 25, 26, 487
Amino Acid (673-674, 687-702) Glucose (539-541) Protein, fat, carbohydrates (616) Purine Nucleotide (892-893) Pyrimidine (892-893) |
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Anabolism
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The phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with the energy-requiring biosynthesis of cell components from smaller precursors
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p. 25, 26, 487
Citric Acid Cycle (p. 631, 632) |
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Metabolism
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The entire set of enzyme-catalyzed transformations of organic molecules in living cells; the sum of anabolism and catabolism
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p. 24, 486
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Systems Biology
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The study of complex biochemical systems, integrating the functions of several to all of the macromolecules in a cell (RNA, DNA, proteins)
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p. 26, 324
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Mutation
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An inheritable change in the nucleotide sequence of a chromosome
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p. 29, 289, 947, 993
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