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307 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the equation for ΔG°?
|
ΔG°=-RT lnKeq
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Covalent Modification
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The addition of a molecule to an enzyme to alter its activity
|
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Proteolytic Cleavage
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The altering of an enzyme's activity by cleaving it with a protease
|
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Allosteric Regulation
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The modification of active site specificity through interactions between other sites on the enzyme
|
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What is the rate of a biological reaction dependent on?
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Substrate and enzyme concentration
|
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What is Vmax dependent on?
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Enzyme concentration
|
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When is the rate of a biological reaction proportional to substrate concentration?
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When substrate concentration is low
|
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What happens to the Vmax of a reaction when the enzyme is competitively inhibited?
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The Vmax is unchanged
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What happens to the Km of a reaction when the enzyme is competitively inhibited?
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The Km increases
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What happens to the Vmax of a biological reaction when the enzyme is noncompetitively inhibited?
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The Vmax decreases
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What happens to the Km of a biological reaction when the enzyme is noncompetitively inhibited?
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The Km is unchanged
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Cofactor
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An organic or inorganic substance necessary for enzyme function, but does not bind to the enzyme
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Name the two Name the two types of cofactors
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coenzymes and metal ions
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Name the two types of coenzymes
|
prosthetic groups and cosubstrates
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Prosthetic groups
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non-protein molecules covalently bonded to an enzyme active site
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Cosubstrates
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Reversibly bind and transfer a chemical group to another substrate
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Eicosanoids
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Local hormones that regulate blood pressure, body temp, smooth muscle contraction
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Name the three types of eicosanoids
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prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
|
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What is the overall reaction of cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
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What does Oxidation mean?
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1. Attach oxygen
2. Increase the number of bonds to oxygen 3. Remove hydrogen 4. Remove electrons |
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What kind of energy does reduction store?
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potential energy
|
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What does Reduction mean?
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1. remove oxygen
2. decrease the number of bonds bound to oxygen 3. add hydrogen 4. add electrons |
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What is the overall reaction for Glycolysis?
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Glucose+2ADP+2P+2NAD+-->2pyruvate+2NADH+2H2O+2H
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Is Glycolysis a facultative anaerobic or obligate anaerobic process?
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Facultative anaerobic
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What is the overall reaction for alcohol fermentation?
|
Pyruvate+H-->CO2+acetylaldehyde+NADH+H-->NAD+ethanol
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What is the overall reaction for lactic acid fermentation?
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Pyruvate+NADH+H-->lactate+NAD
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In which organ is lactate converted back to pyruvate?
|
Liver
|
|
What is the overall reaction for the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
|
2pyruvate+CoA-SH+NAD-->CO2+AcetylCoA+NADH
|
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By what mechanism does Pyruvate Dehydrogenase reduce pyruvate?
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Oxidative decarboxylation
|
|
What upregulates the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex enzyme?
|
High AMP
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|
What are the products for the Kreb's Cycle?
|
2GTP, 6NADH, 2FADH2, and 4CO2
|
|
Where are amino acids deaminated?
|
Liver
|
|
What are amino acids converted to in the liver?
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Pyruvic acid and acetyl CoA
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Oxidative phosphorylation
|
The oxidation of high energy electrons to convert ADP into ATP
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Is NADH Dehydrogenase Oxidized or Reduced in the electron transport chain?
|
Reduced
|
|
How many protons are needed to make 1 ATP?
|
4
|
|
How many ATP molecules are produced from 1 glucose molecule?
|
3
|
|
During which phase of mitosis does DNA replication take place?
|
S
|
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How many origins of replication do chromosomes have?
|
several
|
|
What is the function of DNA Polymerase I?
|
Removes RNA primer and replaces it with DNA
|
|
What is the function of DNA polymerase III?
|
elongates and has a 3->5 proofreading mechanism
|
|
What kind of RNA does RNA polymerase I make?
|
rRNA
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|
What kind of RNA does RNA polymerase II make?
|
mRNA
|
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What kind of RNA does RNA polymerase III make?
|
tRNA
|
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Does peptide bind formation have a high or low ΔG and Ea?
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both High
|
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What is the function of DNA polymerase III?
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elongates and has a 3->5 proofreading mechanism
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What kind of RNA does RNA polymerase I make?
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rRNA
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What kind of RNA does RNA polymerase II make?
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mRNA
|
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What kind of RNA does RNA polymerase III make?
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tRNA
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Does peptide bind formation have a high or low ΔG and Ea?
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both High
|
|
How many ATP are required to make a protein 300 amino acids long?
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1199
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Do eukaryotes or prokaryotes have 50S and 30S ribosome subunits?
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Prokaryotes
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How large are the Eukaryotic ribosomal subunits?
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60S and 40S
|
|
Which site on the ribosome does the growing polypeptide chain sit: A, P, or E?
|
P
|
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Do cytoplasmic proteins have signal sequences?
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no
|
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From which kinds of proteins are signal sequences removed from?
|
secreted proteins
|
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Forward Mutation
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A mutation that makes DNA more different than wild type
|
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backward mutation
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A mutation that reverts DNA back to the wild type
|
|
All viruses have a ?
|
capsid
|
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What is the envelope of a virus derived from?
|
The membrane of the host cell
|
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Eclipse phase
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From infection to lysis
|
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Which enzyme is translated first in the lytic cycle: Hydrolase or Lysozyme?
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Hydrolase
|
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Do +RNA viruses need to carry RNA dependent RNA polymerases?
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No
|
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Do -RNA viruses need to carry RNA dependent RNA polymerases in their capsids?
|
Yes
|
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What kind of enzyme do retroviruses use to replicate genome?
|
RNA dependent DNA polymerase
|
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What shape are cocci bacteria?
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round
|
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What shape are bacilli bacteria?
|
rods
|
|
What is peptidoglycan destroyed by?
|
lysozyme
|
|
Name the three major structures of bacterial flagella?
|
filament, hook, basal structure
|
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What is the Log Phase is bacterial reproduction?
|
period where growth is linear
|
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What is the Lag Phase in bacterial reproduction?
|
The period before bacteria start growing
|
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What is the Stationary Phase in bacterial reproduction?
|
Period where growth stops due to lack of nutrients
|
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Does Fungal Asexual reproduction occur under good or bad conditions?
|
Good
|
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Which DNA type is inaccessible to enzymes: Heterochromatin or Euchromatin?
|
Heterochromatin
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Where does steroidogenesis occur?
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
|
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Where can proteins translated in the rough ER be sent?
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ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Secreted, Membrane
|
|
What types of acid hydrolases do lysosomes contain?
|
Proteases, nucleases, lipases
|
|
What is the approximate pH within a lysosome?
|
5
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What is the function of a Peroxisome?
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Lipid breakdown
|
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Is passive transport thermodynamically or kinetically favorable?
|
thermodynamically
|
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Which transmembrane proteins undergo a conformational change: Voltage gated, carriers, or ligand gated?
|
carriers
|
|
name the 3 types of carriers.
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Uniports, antiports, and symports
|
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Primary active transport
|
Momvement against a concentration gradient coupled with ATP hydrolysis
|
|
Secondary active transport
|
ATP creates a gradient of another particle that drives the transport
|
|
By which process is cholesterol taken up?
|
Receptor mediated endocytosis
|
|
By what mechanism do Glucagon and Epinephrine relay their signals?
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G-protein linked
|
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What are the three possible effects of a second messenger system?
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1. Activate ion channels
2. activate enzymes 3. regulate transcription |
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How many microtubules make 1 centriole?
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9 triplets
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How many microtubules make up 1 eukaryotic flagellum?
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9 pairs and 2 center
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What protein are microfilaments made out of?
|
actin
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Which type of cytoskeleton is responsible for cytokinesis: Microtubules, microfilaments, or intermediate filaments?
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Microfilaments
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Tight junctions
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prevents molecules from moving between cells
|
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desmosomes
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hold cells together
|
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Do desmosomes prevent fluid from moving in between cells?
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No
|
|
Gap Junctions
|
Pores that allow cytoplasmic contents to mix
|
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What occurs during the G1 phase of mitosis?
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new organelles and proteins are made
|
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What occurs during the G2 phase of mitosis?
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The cell decides whether it wants to start mitosis
|
|
What occurs during prophase?
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1. chromatin condenses
2. centrioles move to opposite poles 3. nuclear envelope disappears 4. microtubules move toward centromeres |
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What occurs during Telophase?
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1. nuclear membrane reforms
2. nucleolus reforms |
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Which type of chromosomes are identical: sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes?
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Sister chromatids
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Do homologous chromosomes interact during mitosis?
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No
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Incomplete Dominance
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The Phenotype of a heterozygote is a blended mix of both alleles
|
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Codominance
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Both alleles are equally expressed
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Pleitropism
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Change of several unrelated phenotypes by 1 gene
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Epistasis
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Expression for one gene is dependent on a different gene
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What is the phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross?
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9:3:3:1
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Principle of segregation
|
alleles are passed on randomly
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Independent Assortment
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Alleles of one gene separate independently of other genes
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What are the characteristics of X-linked traits?
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1. female characters have affected males
2. No male to male inheritance |
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mutualism
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one organism benefits , the other is unaffected
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What occurs during prophase I of meiosis?
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Homologous chromosomes pair
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What occurs during Anaphase I of meiosis?
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Homologous separate
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Bipolar neurons
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neurons with one dendrite
|
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What attributes to the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
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The Na/K ATPase pump and sodium leak channel
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Equilibrium potential
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Potential at which the concentration gradient does not drive ions
|
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A neuron is at rest. What ions is it impermeable to?
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Potassium
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Name all the types of glial cells.
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Microglia, ependymal cells, satellite cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurolemmocytes
|
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What type of junction exists between neurons and skeletal muscle?
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Neuromuscular junction
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Temporal summation
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rapid addition of action potentials from a single neuron
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Spatial summation
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addition of action potentials from different neurons
|
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The peripheral nervous system is divided into what two nervous systems?
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Somatic and Autonomic
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The autonomic peripheral nervous system is divided into what two nervous systems?
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Sympathetic and parasympathetic
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Do efferent neurons carry information away or towards the CNS?
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away
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Do afferent neurons carry information towards or away from the CNS?
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toward
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What structures make up the CNS?
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Spinal cord, hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
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The peripheral nervous system is divided into what two nervous systems?
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Somatic and Autonomic
|
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The autonomic peripheral nervous system is divided into what two nervous systems?
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Sympathetic and parasympathetic
|
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Do efferent neurons carry information away or towards the CNS?
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away
|
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Do afferent neurons carry information towards or away from the CNS?
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toward
|
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What structures make up the CNS?
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Spinal cord, hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
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List all of the structures that make up the hindbrain.
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medulla, pons, cerebellum
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Name all of the structures that make up the forebrain.
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Thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex
|
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What kind of neurotransmitter do motor neurons use?
|
acetylcholine
|
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What kind of receptor does acetycholine attach to?
|
nicotinic
|
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Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons located in the spinal cord?
|
ventral horn
|
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Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons located in the spinal cord?
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Dorsal root ganglion
|
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What kind of neurotransmitter do preganglionic autonomic neurons release?
|
acetylcholine
|
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What kind of receptors do postganglionic neurons have?
|
nicotinic
|
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What kind of neurotransmitter do parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release?
|
Acetylcholine
|
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What kind of receptor does acetylcholine bind to in the parasympathetic nervous system?
|
muscarinic
|
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Where is epinephrine secreted?
|
adrenal medulla
|
|
What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
|
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
|
|
What kind of steroid is aldosterone?
|
mineralocorticoid
|
|
What kind of steroid is cortisol?
|
glucocorticoid
|
|
Will contracting the ciliary muscles make the lens more circular or more flat?
|
more circular
|
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Name all of the hormones secreted by the Anterior Pituitary.
|
HGH, Prolactin, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH
|
|
What kind of hormone is HGH: peptide or steroid?
|
Peptide
|
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What kind of hormone is Prolactin: peptide or steroid?
|
Peptide
|
|
Name all of the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary.
|
ADH and Oxytocin
|
|
What kind of hormones are Oxytocin and ADH?
|
Peptide
|
|
Where is calcitonin secreted?
|
Thyroid
|
|
What kind of hormone is calcitonin?
|
peptide
|
|
What are the effects of cortisol?
|
Causes gluconeogenesis and degrades adipose tissue
|
|
What does somatostatin do?
|
Inhibits insulin and glucagon
|
|
Where are estrogen and progesterone secreted?
|
Ovaries
|
|
Stroke volume
|
amount of blood pumped with each contraction
|
|
Cardiac output
|
Volume of blood pumped per minute
|
|
How would you increase venous return?
|
Increase blood volume and contract large veins
|
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Where does contraction begin in the heart?
|
SA node
|
|
What is the equation for vessel resistance?
|
R=ΔP/Q where ΔP is pressure and Q is blood flow
|
|
If you increase the cross sectional surface area of a vessel what happens to the blood velocity?
|
It decreases
|
|
If a person has blood type A, what kind of antibodies and antigens do they have?
|
B antibodies and A antigens
|
|
What kinds of cells do B cells differentiate into?
|
Plasma cells or memory B cells
|
|
In which immunological system are antibodies released as a form of protection?
|
Humoral Immunity
|
|
What kinds of cells do T-cells differentiate into?
|
T-helpers and Cytotoxic T cells
|
|
What do Helper T cells do?
|
Activate B and Cytotoxic T cells
|
|
What kinds of cells do Cytotoxic T cells attack?
|
Virus infected cells, cancer cells
|
|
What chemical do Cytotoxic T cells release?
|
perforin
|
|
What does MHC I do?
|
Acquire peptides and display them on surface of cell
|
|
On what cell types is MHC II found?
|
Antigen presenting cells like: Macrophages and B cells
|
|
Blood in the kidney flows from the renal artery to the ? arteriole.
|
afferent
|
|
What occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney?
|
Sodium is reabsorbed by the Na/K ATPase. Hydrogen is secreted. Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by secondary active transport
|
|
What occurs in the distal convolued tubule?
|
Sodium reabsorption is regulated by aldosterone. HCO3 and K are secreted. Water rebaosrption is regulated by ADH.
|
|
Which loop of Henle is permeable to water: Descending or Ascending?
|
Descending
|
|
Which loop of Henle passively loses ions: Descending or Ascending?
|
Ascending
|
|
Where is Renin secreted from?
|
Juxtaglomerular cells
|
|
What does Renin do?
|
Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
|
|
What is angiotensin I converted into?
|
Angiotensin II
|
|
What is secreted in the kidney when pH is too high?
|
Bicarbonate
|
|
What is secreted in the kidney when pH is too low?
|
Hydrogen
|
|
What does Hyperventilation help counteract?
|
Increasing H2CO3 concentration and decreasing blood pH.
|
|
How many fatty acids are produced by triglyceride breakdown?
|
2
|
|
What enzyme is used to breakdown triglycerides?
|
pancreatic lipase
|
|
Polysaccharides are broken down into disaccharides by which enzyme?
|
pancreatic amylase
|
|
Disaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides by which enzymes?
|
Maltase, lactase, sucrase
|
|
Polypeptides are broken down into di- and tri- peptides by which enzyme?
|
pepsin, pancreatic proteases: trypsin and chymotrypsin)
|
|
Dipeptides and tripeptides are broken down by which enzymes?
|
brush border peptidases
|
|
What kind of tissue is the submucosa of the GI tract?
|
Connective
|
|
What kind of tissue is the circular muscularis of the GI tract?
|
Smooth muscle
|
|
What kind of tissue is the longitudinal muscularis of the GI tract?
|
Smooth muscle
|
|
What kind of tissue is the serosa of the GI tract?
|
Connective
|
|
Which nervous system stimulates the GI tract?
|
parasympathetic
|
|
What are the exocrine glands called that release GI secretions into the intestines?
|
Acinar cells
|
|
Name the 3 major enzymes that are released in the mouth during fragmentation.
|
Salivary amylase, lingual lipase, lysozyme
|
|
What do Parietal Cells secrete?
|
HCl
|
|
What does HCl do in the stomach?
|
Converts pepsinogen into pepsin
|
|
What cells secrete pepsinogen in the stomach?
|
Chief cells
|
|
Chief cells are activated by what process?
|
Acid proteolysis
|
|
Which hormone closes the pyloric sphinctor?
|
Cholecystokinin
|
|
What do G cells secrete?
|
Gastrin
|
|
What is the function of gastrin?
|
stimulates acid and pepsin secretion
|
|
What is the pH in the Duodenum?
|
6
|
|
Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the intestines by what structure?
|
microvilli
|
|
What does the pancreatic duct do?
|
delivers exocrine secretions to the intestine
|
|
What does enterokinase do in the duodenum?
|
converts trypsinogen into trypsin
|
|
Which duodenal hormone causes the pancreas to release bicarbonate?
|
secretin
|
|
List all of the 5 major enzymes secreted by the exocrine pancreas.
|
Pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic proteases, nucleases, trypsin
|
|
What do alpha cells in the pancreas secrete?
|
Glucagon
|
|
What does glucagon do?
|
increases blood glucose levels
|
|
Which endocrine cells in the pancreas secrete insulin?
|
beta cells
|
|
What do Gamma cells secrete in the pancreas?
|
Somatostatin
|
|
What does Somatostatin do?
|
inhibits digestion
|
|
The liver receives oxygenated blood from the ?
|
Hepatic arteries
|
|
The liver receives venous blood from the ?
|
Hepatic portal vein
|
|
If glucose 6 phosphatase were absent in the liver, how would this affect the flow of glucose?
|
Glucose would not be able to leave the liver
|
|
Chylomicrons are degraded into what 3 components?
|
triglycerides, glycerol, cholesterol
|
|
Degradation of chylomicrons creates what?
|
ketone bodies
|
|
Does an increase in ketone bodies cause an increase or decrease in pH?
|
decrease
|
|
Which of the following is a fat soluble vitamin: C, B1, E, or B2?
|
E
|
|
What does vitamin E do?
|
Prevents oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
|
|
Is vitamin K an fat soluble or water soluble vitamin?
|
fat soluble
|
|
What does vitamin K do?
|
Helps form clotting factors
|
|
What does Vitamin D do?
|
Increases calcium absorption in the gut and regulated bone formation
|
|
Is Vitamin B1 a water soluble or fat soluble vitamin?
|
Water soluble
|
|
What is vitamin B2 converted into?
|
FAD
|
|
What is Vitamin B3 converted into?
|
NAD
|
|
Tendon
|
Muscle to bone
|
|
Ligament
|
bone to bone
|
|
Are muscle fibers multinucleate?
|
yes
|
|
I band
|
Region of thin filaments
|
|
A band
|
length of thick filaments
|
|
Where does calcium bind during contraction?
|
troponin
|
|
What protein covers actin binding sites?
|
tropomyosin
|
|
Which muscle type uses ATP most slowly?
|
Slow Oxidative
|
|
Which muscle type is slowest to fatigue: Fast oxdative, slow oxidative, or fast glycolytic?
|
slow oxidative
|
|
Which muscle type is fastest to fatigue: Fast oxidative, fast glycolytic, or slow oxidative?
|
fast glycolytic
|
|
Which muscle type contains the most glycogen?
|
fast glycolytic
|
|
What happens when you "build" muscle?
|
Sarcomeres lengthen, number of sarcomeres increases, diameter of fiber increases
|
|
How does calcium leave the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
|
Voltage gated calcium channels
|
|
Does smooth muscle have T tubules?
|
no
|
|
Is smooth muscle mono or multiucleate?
|
Mononucleate
|
|
What kinds of cells is connective tissue derived from?
|
fibroblasts
|
|
Is adipose tissue loose or dense connective tissue?
|
loose
|
|
Tendons, ligaments, and ______ are all considered dense connective tissues.
|
bone
|
|
Hydroxyapatite
|
calcium phosphate crystals
|
|
What do Haversian Canals contain?
|
blood, lymph vessels, and nerves
|
|
Osteocytes are connected by ?
|
gap junctions
|
|
What structure horizontally connects osteons?
|
Volkmann's canals
|
|
Name the three types of cartilage?
|
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrous
|
|
Which type of cartilage is the strongest?
|
Fibrous
|
|
What do osteoblasts do?
|
construct bone
|
|
Osteoblasts eventually become ?
|
osteocytes
|
|
DO osteoblasts undergo mitosis?
|
No
|
|
Parathyroid hormone
|
increases blood calcium
|
|
Calcitonin
|
decreases blood calcium
|
|
Hyperventilation is associated with respiratory _________.
|
alkalosis
|
|
Hypoventilation is asociated with respiratory __________.
|
acidosis
|
|
What does surfactant help reduce?
|
surface tension
|
|
Tidal volume
|
amount of air that moves in and out at rest
|
|
Expiratory reserve volume
|
amount of air that can be expelled after a resting expiration
|
|
Inspiratory reserve volume
|
amount of air that can be inspired after a resting inspiration
|
|
functional residual capacity
|
amount of air left after a resting expiration
|
|
inspiratory capacity
|
maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a resting expiration
|
|
residual volume
|
amount of air that remains in the lung after strongest expiration
|
|
Vital capacity
|
maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after the strongest inspiration
|
|
Where does spermatogensis take place?
|
in the seminiferous tubules
|
|
What cells surround the seminiferous tubules?
|
sertoli cells
|
|
Testosterone is secreted by ________ cells in the _________.
|
Leydig cells; testes
|
|
Seminiferous tubules lead to the _________.
|
epididymis
|
|
What do the seminal vesicles secrete?
|
semen
|
|
Semen is secreted by what three structures?
|
Seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands
|
|
List the following in the correct order of spermatogensis: Spermatid, Secondary spermatocyte, spermatogonium, spermatozoa, primary spermatocyte.
|
Spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa
|
|
After Meiosis I, a spermatogonium is called a ____________.
|
Primary Spermatocyte
|
|
What does LH do in males?
|
Stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
|
|
What does FSH do in males?
|
Stimulates sertoli cells around the seminiferous tubules
|
|
Inhibin is secreted by _________.
|
sertoli cells
|
|
What does inhibin do in males?
|
inhibits FSH release
|
|
What are the main effects of testosterone?
|
Produces secondary sex characteristics
|
|
Is testosterone required for spermatogenesis?
|
yes
|
|
Where is Gonadotropin releasing hormone released from?
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Hypothalamus
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What is the function of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone?
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Stimulates FSH and LH release
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Male development begins with the __________ inhibiting factor.
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Mullerian
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Order these structures from earliest to latest in females: primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ovum, oogonia.
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Oogonia, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ovum
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At which phase of meiosis is a primary oocyte stopped at?
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prophase 1
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Granulosa cells secrete _________.
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estrogen
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What structure is the result of the completion of meiosis 1 in females?
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Secondary oocyte and a polar body
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Name the 3 phases in the Ovarian cycle.
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Follicular, Ovulatory, and Luteal
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Does estrogen inhibit or stimulate the secretion of LH and FSH in the follicular phase?
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Inhibits
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Which hormone stimulates the maturation of the primary follicle?
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FSH
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At which phase in the Ovarian cycle do estrogen levels reach threshold?
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Ovulatory
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The secondary oocyte is released during which phase of the menstrual cycle?
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Ovulatory
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The corpus luteum forms during the __________ phase.
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Ovulatory
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During the Luteal phase, _________ stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete__________ and __________
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LH; estrogen and progesterone
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Name the 3 phases of the Uterine cycle.
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Menstruation, proliferative, and secretory
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The corpus luteum degenerates during which phase in the Uterine cycle?
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Menstruation
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Which layer does the sperm move through first: Corona radiata or zona pellucida.
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Corona Radiata
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What does the Chorion secrete?
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Human chorionic gonadotropin
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What is the function of HCG?
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Secretes LH so the endometrium doesn't slough off
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The chorion is derived from what structure?
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The zygote
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|
Fast block to polyspermy
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Plasma membrane depolarizes
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List these structures in order of development: Brain/spinal cord, neural tube, dorsal neural groove.
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dorsal neural groove, neural tube, brain/spinal cord
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What does oxytocin do?
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stimulates milk release
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Order these events in chronological order: Birth, Cervix dilation, expulsion of the placenta.
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cervix dilation, birth, expulsion of the placenta
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What does prolactin do?
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Produces milk
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What is inhibited by Prolactin?
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Estrogen and progesterone
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|
northern blot
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mRNA
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Western blot
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Proteins
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