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114 Cards in this Set
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U.S. History Terms chapter 6
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Name_____________
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Perfector of the electric telegraph.
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Samuel Morse
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The transformation from a primarily agricultural society to an industrial society.
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Industrial Revolution
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The U.S. experienced the industrial revolution primarily between the ____.
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Civil War and World War I
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An explosion of inventions after the Civil War produced a _____.
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Technological Revolution
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Gives an inventor exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention.
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Patent
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500,000 were issued between 1860 & 1890, including the typewriter, telephone, & phonograph.
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Patents
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Developing technology required not only ingenuity but also ______.
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financial backing
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First to drill for oil in 1859.
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Edwin L. Drake
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At first oil refineries transformed crude oil into ____.
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kerosene
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Until the invention of the automobile it was seen as a waste product and thrown away.
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Gasoline
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In 1876, he moved his "invention factory" to Meno Park, New Jersy.
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Thomas Edison
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Had over 1000 patents issued in his name.
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Thomas Edison
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Developed the first practical incandescent light bulb.
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Thomas Edison
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Developed the idea of a central power station or power plant.
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Thomas Edison
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He developed a system of using alternating current.
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George Westinghouse
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Could be generated more cheaply and travel longer distance than direct current.
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alternating current
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Developed a transformer which allowed electricity to be sent over long distances.
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George Westinghouse
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By the early 1890s investors had used Edison and Westinghouses inventions to createt two companies ________.
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General Electric and Westinghouse Electric
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Electricity improved productivity and transformed the nature of the ______.
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workplace
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The electric sewing maching led to the growth of the _____.
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ready made clothing industry
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Electricity made the refrigerator possible which improved the ______.
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preservation of foods
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After the Civil War, several telegraph companies joined together to form ____.
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Western Union Telegraph
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Inventor of the telephone.
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Alexander Graham Bell
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Railroad which linked Omaha, NE to Sacramento, California.
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Transcontinental Railroad
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The Central Pacific and the Union Pacific Railroads buiilt the _______.
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Transcontinental Railroad
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To avoid confusion the confusion on arrival and departure times the railroads adopted __.
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time zones
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Helped stimulate industrialization by; faster transportation, lowering cost of production, creating national markets, modeling big business, and stimulating other industries.
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railroads
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Made it much easier and cheaper to remove the impurities from iron to produce steel.
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Bessemer process.
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Lighter, stronger and more flexible than iron.
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steel
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The Bessemer process made the mass production of steel possible which led to a new age of ____.
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building
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When it was completed in 1883 it was a testimony of the United states inventive genius and hard work.
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Brooklyn Bridge
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The growth of industry required large amounts of ___.
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capital
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To raise capital business leaders often combined funds and resources to create large companies or _______.
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big business
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Negative term for leaders of big business.
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Robber Barons
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Positive term for leaders of big business.
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Captains of Industry
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Carnegie's belief that people should be free to make as much money as they can, but after they make it they should give it away.
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Gospel of Wealth
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Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner were leading proponents of _______.
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Social Darwinism
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Belief that those who were most "fit" would succeed and become rich.
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Social Darwinism
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Belief that society as a whole would benefit from the success of the fit and the weeding out of the unfit.
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Social Darwinism
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Belief that government should do nothing to help the "unfit" in society.
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Social Darwinism
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Larger pools of capital, Wider geographic span, broader range of operations, revised role of ownership, and new methods of management.
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new characteristic of big business
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A few profitable companies dominate an industry.
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oligopoly
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One company controls an industry.
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monopoly
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Laws passed to limit monopolistic practices had ____.
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limited success
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A loose association of businesses that make the same product and agree to limit supply to keep prices high.
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cartel
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Founded the first steel plants to use the Bessemer process.
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Andrew Carnegie
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Gaining control of all the businesses that make up the pases of a product's development.
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vertical consolidation
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Carnegie Steel engaged in ______.
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vertical consolidation
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In 1870 he and several associates formed the Standard Oil Company of Ohio.
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John D. Rockefeller
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Bringing together many firms in the same business.
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horizontal consolidation
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Through horizontal consolidation he gained control of nearly all U.S.' oil production and distribution.
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John D. Rockefeller
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A group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board.
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trust
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Was used by Rockefeller to get around anti-monopolistic laws.
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trust
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In 1890 it outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce.
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Sherman antitrust Act
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For its its first 15 years the Sherman antitrust act was _____.
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ineffective
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The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.
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urbanization
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Immigration and urbanization combined to increase the size of ____.
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cities
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Workers received a fixed amount for each finished piece they produced.
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piecework
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Most piecework was performed in a shop where employees worked long hours at low wages.
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sweatshops
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Each person performs a different task in production.
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Division of Labor
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Factory work was often monotonous and ____.
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dangerous
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As harsh as factory work was it often provided more hope than could be found ___.
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elsewhere
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Was often used by factories in the 1800s because families needed the income.
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child labor
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In the 1880s made up 5% of the industrial labor force, nearly 1 in 5 between the ages of 10 and 16 were employed.
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child labor
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Reformer who wrote Children of the Poor & How the Other Half Lives describing child labor and harsh working conditions in factories.
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James Riis
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The work of James Riis and others led to laws limiting the practice of ____.
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child labor
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Because of Social Darwinism many thought that offering relief to the poor would encourage___.
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idleness.
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In 1890 what percentage of the nation's wealth was held by the wealthest 9%?
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75%
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Economic and political system which favors public instead of private control of the means of production.
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socialism
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Society at large not just private individuals, should take charge of a nation's wealth.
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socialism
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Believes that a nations wealth should be distributed equally to everyone.
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socialism
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Individual who called for a more radical socialism.
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Karl Marx
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Written in 1848, by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels, denounced the capitalist system, both predicted and called for a workers revolt.
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Communist Manifesto
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A small percentage of U.S. workers were socialist, most U.S. workers wanted to work within the system by forming ______.
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labor unions
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First national labor organization, survived only a few years and was destroyed by the depression of 1837.
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National Trades Union
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Stong local unions resurfaced after the ____.
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Civil War
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National labor union formed in 1869, hoped to organize all working men and women, skilled and unskilled, into a single union.
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Knights of Labor
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Sought equal pay for equal work, an 8 hour day, and an end to child labor. They did not emphasize higher wages as their primary goal.
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Knights of Labor
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National labor union that sought to organize only skilled workers in a network of smaller unions, each devoted to a specific craft.
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American Federation of Labor (AFL)
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First leader of the American Federation of Labor.
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Samuel Gompers
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Focused mainly on issues of worker's wages, hours, and working conditions.
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American Federation of Labor
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Relied on economic pressure, such as strikes and boycotts against employers.
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American Federation of Labor
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Workers negotiate as a group with employers.
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collective bargaining
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A workplace in which only union members would be employed.
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closed shop
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In 1905, in Chicago, 43 groups opposed to the AFL founded the ______.
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Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
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The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) were also called the ______.
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Wobblies
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Focused on unskilled workers, was a radical union that included many Socialists among its leadership.
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Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
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Often took measures to stop unions.
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employers
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A contract in which a worker promised to never join a union or go on strike.
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"yellow dog" contract
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First major nationwide strike in the U.S.
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Railroad strike of 1877
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Violence from the Railroad strike of 1877 resulted in more than ______.
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100 deaths
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President Hayes sent in federal troops to subdue angry mobs and restore order.
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Railroad strike of 1877
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From the Railroad strike of 1877 on, employers relied on Federal and state troops to repress labor unrest. A new and violent era had begun in _____.
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labor relations
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Organize workers from all crafts in a given industry.
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industrial unions
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Formed the American Railway Union in 1893 to include all railroad workers skiled and unskilled.
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Eugene Debs
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Negative term for workers called in to replace striking workers.
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scabs
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In 1886, workers in Chicago held a rally to protest police brutality against strikers at the ___.
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Haymarket Square
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Anarchists joined the strikers and gave fiery speeches at the _____.
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Haymarket rally
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Radicals who oppose all government (believe all government is evil).
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Anarchists
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A bomb was thrown into a police formation the resulting resulting riot killed dozens on both sides in 1886.
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Haymarket riot
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Resulted in 8 anarchists being tried for conspiracy to commit murder and four being executed.
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Haymarket riot
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Were blamed by the press for the Haymarkete riot and thus went into decline.
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Knights of Labor
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In 1892, steelworkers staged a strike against Carnegie Steel Company.
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Homestead strike
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When 300 Pinkertons arrived to breakup the strike a shootout resulted in several deaths.
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Homestead strike
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Actually built a town for for workers who built his luxury sleeping car.
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George Pullman
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After workers came to George Pullman to protest a 25% wage cut in 1894 he _____.
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fired 3 workers.
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When his workers went on strike Pullman refused to bargin and ___.
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shutdown the plant
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When Eugene Debs and the United Railway Union joined the boycott against Pullman Palace Cars railroad traffic in Chicago was ___.
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crippled
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The Pullman Strike disrupted the delivery of __.
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mail
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Arguing that the mail had to get through and that the strike violated the the Sherman Antitrust act, the Attorney General won a court order forbidding all union activity that halted ____.
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railroad traffic
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When strikers refused to obey the injunction against the Pullman strike, Debs was arrested and federal troops crushed the _____.
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strike
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After the Pullman strike factory owners frequently appealed for _________ against unions.
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court orders (injunctions)
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The official government opposition after the Pullman strike helped limit union gains for more than _____.
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30 years
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