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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In 1890, only 160 African Americans were attending white colleges. Many more were studying at the nations ______________.
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African American Institutions
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A number, including Atlanta University, Fisk University, Hampton Institute, and Howard University were created during Reconstruction.
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Black Colleges
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African American colleges founded during reconstruction were founded through the efforts of ______________. (2 groups)
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American Missionary Association and the Freedmen's Bureau
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African American leader who adopted a moderate approach in addressing racism and segregation. (turn of the century)
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Booker T. Washington
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He urged fellow blacks to learn vocational skills. Skills that would give them economic security.
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Booker T. Washington
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He wanted blacks to strive for gradual improvements in their social, political, and economic status.
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Booker T. Washington
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Founded the Tuskegee Institute in 1881.
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Booker T. Washington
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African American most opposed to the gradual approach of achieving equal rights. (turn of the century)
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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Opposed Booker T. Washington's approach to African American rights.
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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Advocated immediate equal treatment and equal education opportunities for blacks.
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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The type of education W.E.B. Du Bois urged African Americans to achieve in schools.
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liberal arts
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Du Bois believed African Americans needed a liberal arts education so that they provide leadership in the _______.
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fight for civil rights
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Du Bois helped found this group of African Americans, in 1905, that called for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination, and recognition of human brotherhood.
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Niagara Movement
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Interracial institution founded in 1909, with the purpose to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism, and to gain civil rights for African Americans.
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
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NAACP
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
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Early leader in the NAACP and editor of its magazine, Crisis.
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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When federal troops left the South with the end of Reconstruction, African Americans began to see their newly won freedoms _______.
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disappear
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Term used by Du Bois to describe the problems of segregation, discrimination, and racism.
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the Color Line
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Southern whites were concerned that blacks would gain too much political power if they were allowed to ______.
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vote
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To keep blacks from voting some states required voters to own property or pay a ___.
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poll tax
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A fee which must be paid for a person to vote.
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poll tax
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Tests to demonstrate that you could read and write and demonstrate minimum standards of knowledge in order to vote.
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literacy tests
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Like poll taxes literacy tests were intended to keep _______.
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blacks from voting
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The problem with property requirements, poll taxes, and literacy tests is that they could also keep ______.
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poor whites from voting
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Were used so that property requirements, poll taxes, and literacy tests would not keep poor whites from voting.
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grandfather clauses
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Segregation by the sanction of law.
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de jure segregation
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Segregation as the result of custom, such as housing patterns.
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de facto segregation
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The legal (de jure) segregation of the races that existed in the South following Reconstruction.
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Jim Crow
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Laws that required segregation in the South after Reconstruction.
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Jim Crow laws
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Required the separation of blacks and whites in schools, parks, public buildings, hospitals, and on transportation systems. Even required blacks to use separate restrooms and water fountains.
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Jim Crow laws
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Supreme Court case that upheld Jim Crow laws.
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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Supreme Court case that established the "separate-but-equal" doctrine.
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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Doctrine that segregated facilities did not violate the 14th amendment's equal protection of the laws as long as facilities were "equal."
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"separate-but-equal" doctrine
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The 14th amendment the court stated, was "not intended to give Negroes social equality but only political and civil equality."
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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Because the "equal" part in the "separate-but-equal" doctrine was difficult to enforce public facilities for blacks were almost never _____.
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equal
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In the South another way blacks were kept "in their place" was a system of etiquette that required blacks to always show ________.
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deference to whites
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respectful submission or yielding to the judgment, opinion, will, etc., of another.
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deference
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If blacks in the South overstepped their status as second class citizens they might be subjected to _____.
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violence
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Worst type of violence directed toward blacks in the post reconstruction South.
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lynching
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The murder of an accused person by a mob without a lawful trial.
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lynching
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The estimated number of African Americans lynched between 1882 and 1892.
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1,200
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Those who carried out the lynchings in the South were rarely pursued or caught, much less ____.
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punished
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To escape violence and legal segregation many blacks moved to the _____.
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North
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African Americans who fled to the north to escape legal segregation and discrimination often found _______.
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de facto discrimination
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Even in the North blacks were subjected to it in schools, housing, and employment.
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de facto discrimination
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Blacks who moved to the north often competed with American-born whites and immigrants for _____.
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jobs
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In the North whites fears of racial equality and of losing their jobs resulted in _____.
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race riots
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The NAACP worked to fight discrimination primarily through the _____.
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courts
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Was founded by Booker T. Washington to help black owned businesses.
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National Negro Business League
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African American woman who came from a family of ex-slaves and sharecroppers and started a mail order company to become a self-made millionaire.
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Madam C.J. Walker
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