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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Three parts of Med Micro |
Microbe Human Treatment |
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6 Kingdoms (Only BOLD cause human diseases) |
Bacteria Archaea Protists Plants Fungi Animals |
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Origins of life (three branches) |
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related to each other than they are to Bacteria. |
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Eukarya consists of... |
Protista
Plantae Fungi Animalia |
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Tree charts |
The information is in the nodes, not the order of the things on the branches or right to left info. Can swivel them at nodes. Shows how closely related things are comparatively.
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Linnaeus |
Botanist, catalogued life. Came first
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Linnaean Hierarchy |
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk? |
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Binomial Nomenclature |
Genus species (italicized) |
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Spp. |
Multiple species within a given genus EX: Homo Spp. |
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Pasteur and Koch |
Came after Linnaeus and before Ivanovsky/Beijerick. Important with vaccines, food spoilage, and identifying. |
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Origin of the word virus |
Russian tobacco disease. First thought to be a poison. |
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Ivanovsky |
Came after Linnaeus and Pasteur. Young scientist, used porcelain filters to search for bacteria. Couldn't understand a disease that wasn't caused by bacteria. |
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Beijerick |
Thought it was a poison, but it replicated so he knew it wasn't. Smaller than bacteria, but can cause disease. |
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Rous (1911) |
Found that some viruses can cause cancer. |
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Virus Definition |
Made of DNA or RNA Protein coat NOT CELLS Bacteria may have evolved from viruses Can be called particles |
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Virion |
Virus particle existing outside a host Progeny or "babies" can be called virions |
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Virus Structure |
Far smaller than bacteria and animal cells. Genetic material in middle Protein coat (capsid made of capsomeres) Some have an envelope |
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Genetic Material |
Either DNA or RNA Very space efficient, no JUNK DNA Genes overlap in 1 or 2 directions Up to 6 genes overlapping at once (3 on top, 3 on bottom) |
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Baltimore Scheme |
7 classes Based on type of genetic material Within a taxon, disease states vary greatly |
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DNA Virus |
Double stranded is most common |
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RNA Virus |
Single stranded is most common |
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Baltimore Class 1 |
Double-stranded DNA |
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Baltimore Class 2 |
Single-stranded DNA |
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Baltimore Class 3 |
Double-stranded RNA |
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Baltimore Class 4 |
Single-stranded RNA - Positive sense |
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Baltimore Class 5 |
Single-stranded RNA - Negative Sense |
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Baltimore Class 6 |
Single-strand RNA that replicates through a DNA intermediate. HIV!!! |
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Baltimore Class 7 |
Double-stranded DNA that replicates through an RNA intermediate. |
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Positive Sense Single-strand RNA |
BC 4
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Negative Sense Single-strand RNA |
BC 5 Has to make a complimentary copy of itself in order to enter a ribosome. |
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Capsid |
Protein coat Made of capsomeres (AKA protomers) |
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Capsomer |
What makes up the capsid (protein coat) AKA protomer Within a capsid, these can be identical or heterogenous |
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Protomer |
Another name for Capsomer Makes up capsid |
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Nucleocapsid |
When the capsid and genetic material are one unit. |
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Virus Shapes |
1. Helical 2. Icosahedral 3. Complex |
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Viral Envelope |
May be on helical OR icosahedral viruses Envelope usually comes off of host's cell membrane but can be from an inner membrane (endoplasmic reticulum). May have spikes |
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Peplomer |
Viral Spikes Proteins that stick out through envelope |
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Complex Viruses |
Head/tail morphology NOT a human pathogen |
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HIV docking |
Drugs prevent HIV from binding to cells (different drugs stop different stages in this docking) in order to protect them. |
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Viral Replication (Stages) |
1. Adsorption 2. Penetration 3. Uncoating 4. Synthesis 5. Assembly 6. Release |
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Adsorption (1) |
First step in viral replication Attach to target proteins Some proteins are only on certain tissue cell, explains why some infections are contained to specific areas in the body. |
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Penetration (2) |
Infiltrate cell Membrane fusion Injection (complex) |
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Uncoating (3) |
Nucleic acid separates from viral cell |
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UNCOATING (3) When does the nucleic acid separate from bacteriophages? |
During penetration |
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UNCOATING (3) When does the nucleic acid separate from most viruses? |
When the virus is inside the cell after penetration. |
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SYNTHESIS (4) Where do DNA viruses synthesize? |
Nucleus |
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SYNTHESIS (4) Where do RNA viruses synthesize? |
Cytoplasm |
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SYNTHESIS (4) From what are mRNA made? |
DNA template |
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SYNTHESIS (4) Where are mRNA read? |
Ribosome |
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SYNTHESIS (4) What's the difference in how + and - RNA are read? |
+ is read as mRNA - is converted to + then read |
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DNA Virus Latency |
Virus infiltrates cell then goes quiet EX: Herpes |
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Retrovirus Central Dogma |
RNA > DNA > RNA > Protein |
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Integrase |
Enzyme that allows the HIV DNA to incorporate itself into host DNA as a provirus. |
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ASSEMBLY (5) What usually assembles first? |
Capsid Then, nucleic acid inserts into capsid Envelope is taken last |
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RELEASE How do naked and complex viruses release from host cell? |
Grow until cell swells, lyses, then they rush out. |
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RELEASE How do enveloped viruses release from host cell? |
Budding or exocytosis |
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Types of bacteriophage replication |
Lytic cycle (normal) Lysogenic cycle (latency) |
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Lysogenic Cycle (Bacteriophage) |
Similar to latency Virus integrates into host's genetic material Cell divides, phage's genetic info is in offspring Reawakens and goes back into lytic cycle. |
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How to bacteriophages affect human health? |
LYSOGENIC CONVERSION Bacteriophages change the properties of bacteria. They can change them from harmless to poison. The poisonous bacteria can then attack human cells. |
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Bacteriophage |
Virus that parasitizes a bacterium |
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Groman's Experiment |
Found that bacteria alone wasn't harmful to rats, but once the virus was introduced to the bacteria, it became deadly. LYSOGENIC CONVERSION. |
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Prokaryote definition |
Cells that only contain rudimentary components. LACK nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. |
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Which domains are prokaryotes? |
Bacteria and Archaea |
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Prokaryote Shapes |
Cocci (ball) Bacilli (rod) Spirilla (curved or spiral) |
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Diplococci |
Two cocci joined |
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Tetrads |
Four cocci in a grouping |
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Sarcinae |
Group of 8 cocci in a group |
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Chains |
Linked cocci |
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Irregular cluster |
Cocci without regular displacement pattern |
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Diplobacilli |
2 rods end-to-end |
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Chain (Streptobacilli) |
Chain of rods
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Coccobacilli |
Roundish rods |
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Palisades |
EITHER Multiple cells end to end OR Hinge formation (Jacob's ladder) |
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Vibrios |
Curved rod (comma like) no true spiral |
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Spirilla |
1-3 true rotations, flagella at two ends |
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Spirochete |
3+ true rotations Periplasmic flagella |
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Gram + |
Lets stain into cell Cell membrane and thick cell wall |
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Gram - |
Does not allow stain into cell Thin cell wall, thick outer membrane. |
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Obligate Aerobes |
Require oxygen to make ATP |
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Facultative Anaerobes |
Can function with or without oxygen |
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Obligate Anaerobes |
Require and oxygen-poor environment to make ATP. Can change tissue to drive out oxygen. |
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5 Ways to Classify Prokaryotes |
Shape Staining Metabolism Habitat Genetics |
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Bergey's Manual of Determinative Biology |
4 Division of Prokaryotes |
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BMDB Division I |
Gracilicutes (Gram -) |
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BMDB Division II |
Firmicutes (Gram +) |
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BMDB Division III |
Tenericutes (no cell wall) |
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BMDB Division IV |
Archaebacteria
Don't relate to human disease |
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FLAGELLA Monotrichous |
Flagella at only one end |
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FLAGELLA Lophotrichous |
Multiple flagella from same point of origin |
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FLAGELLA Amphitrichous |
Flagella at both ends |
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Purpose of Flagella |
Locomotion |
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FLAGELLA Peritrichous |
Random flagella placement |
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FLAGELLA Periplasmic |
Flagella wraps around bacterial body |
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Fimbriae |
Small, bristle-like hairs Attach to each other and host cells |
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Pili |
Hair-like structures Used for reproduction (conjugation) |
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Glococalyx |
Slime layer Encourage colonization Defend cells from immune system attacks |
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Biofilms |
Large, multicellular layer caused by fimbriae and glycocalyces Dangerous because of "mob mentality" |
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Quorum Sensing |
Ability of a bacteria to know whether it's part of a colony or alone. Recognizes the strength a colony has and becomes more active. More reproduction, cell attacking, toxin releasing. |
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Cell Envelope
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Entire membrane complex Cell wall, cell membrane, outer membrane |
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Cell Envelope Components Bergey's Division I |
Cell wall, cell membrane, outer membrane |
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Cell Envelope Components Bergey's Division 2 |
Cell wall, cell membrane |
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Cell Envelope Components Bergey's Division III |
Cell membrane only |
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What is a cell membrane made of? |
Phospholipids and proteins |
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What does the cell membrane do? |
Traffic molecules in and out of cell Metabolism |
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What is the cell wall made of? |
Peptidoglycan |
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Do firmicutes or gracilicutes have a thicker cell wall? |
Fermicutes |
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What are peptidoglycan molecules made up of? |
Polysaccharides NAG and NAM |
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How do drugs target peptidoglycan? |
Breakdown cross-links between NAM units to destroy the integrity of the wall. |
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What peptidoglycan variation is found in firmicutes? |
Thick LTA and TA |
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What peptidoglycan variation is found in gracilicutes? |
Thin Has an outer layer with LPS and receptors |
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What cell envelope components elicit immune responses? |
LTA LPS Cell wall lipids and proteins |
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What is the cytoplasm made up of? |
75% water Rest is amino acids, sugar, salt |
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What can be found in the nucleoid? |
Genetic Material Plasmid |
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What is a plasmid? |
Extra DNA that's not essential to the species identity or functions. Swapped between species |
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What can plasmid carry? |
Drug resistance genes Extra enzymes Toxins |
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What structure does a prokaryote use to transfer plasmids between one another? |
Pili (during conjugation) |
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What are ribosomes made of? |
rRNA and protein |
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What do ribosomes make? |
Proteins |
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What do you call ribosomes in a string? |
Polysomes |
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What is the cytoskeleton made of? |
Actin |
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When do spores form? |
In unideal environments Scarce food, bad climate |
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What is a vegetative cell? |
Metabolically active cell In an ideal environment |
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What is a sporangium? |
Transition state (between vegetative and endospore) |
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What is an endospore? |
Dormant cell in unideal environment Won't sprout until environment is good Will return to being a vegetative cell |
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What are spores resistant to? |
Chemical attack Dryness Heat/cold Radiation |
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Genus Rickettsia |
*Prokaryote Weird* Obligate intracellular Bacterium that acts like a virus Must hijack cells to live |
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Chlamydia |
*Prokaryote Weirdo* Obligate intracellular |
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Mycoplasma |
*Prokaryote Weirdo* Outer membrane but no peptidoglycan. Tenericutes- no cell membrane.
Has the membrane is shouldn't have and doesn't have the one it should. |
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Industrial Microbiology |
Large scale production of compounds. Two main types of products. |
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Industrial Microbiology |
Large scale production of compounds. Two main types of products. |
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Primary Metabolites |
Made during exponential stage. Product of major metabolic pathways. Amino acids, organic acids. |
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Industrial Microbiology |
Large scale production of compounds. Two main types of products. |
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Primary Metabolites |
Made during exponential stage. Product of major metabolic pathways. Amino acids, organic acids. |
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Secondary Metabolites |
Made during plateau stage. By-product of metabolism. Makes antibiotics, steroids, vaccines. |
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Define Eukaryote |
Nuclei Membrane-bound organelles Unicellular and multicellular Include Protista |
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Define Eukaryote |
Nuclei Membrane-bound organelles Unicellular and multicellular Include Protista |
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How many major lineages of Eukarya are there? How many are Protists? |
8
6 |
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Protista |
Lack organized true tissue Most are unicellular, not all. Have membrane-bound organelles. Some w/o mitochondria. Usually reproduce asexually. |
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Protozoa- Definition |
Sub-group of Protists. Have all organelles except chloroplasts. |
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Protozoa Cytoplasm |
2 Layers
Ectoplasm Endoplasm |
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Protozoa Cytoplasm |
2 Layers
Ectoplasm Endoplasm |
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Ectoplasm |
Clear outer layer of Protozoa cytoplasm. Helps it move, feed, and offers protection. |
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Protozoa Cytoplasm |
2 Layers
Ectoplasm Endoplasm |
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Ectoplasm |
Clear outer layer of Protozoa cytoplasm. Helps it move, feed, and offers protection. |
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Endoplasm |
Inner layer of Protozoa cytoplasm. Where all organelles are. Helps with metabolism and synthesis. |
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Protozoa feeding (3 Types) |
Heterotrophic.
Some absorb food through membrane.
Others engulf food, pack in vacuoles, then endocytize it.
Others live off of host fluid/tissue and chip away at it. |
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Protozoa mobility |
Flagella Cilia Pseudopodia Gliding/Squirming |
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Protozoa Life Cycle |
Trophozoite (active) >Encystment Cyst (dormant) >Excystment Trophozoite (active) |
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Protozoa mobility |
Flagella Cilia Pseudopodia Gliding/Squirming |
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Protozoa Life Cycle |
Trophozoite (active) >Encystment Cyst (dormant) >Excystment Trophozoite (active) |
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Fungi Definition |
Heterotroph Cell wall made of chitin Most closely related to animals |
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Yeast (3 meanings) |
Solitary fungal cell
Taxa of fungi that are unicellular
Diseases from unicellular fungi |
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Colonial fungi |
Unicellular Autonomous Form networks and thread together. Threads are called hyphae. |
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Hyphae |
Threads of colonial fungi |
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Mycelium |
Several hyphae together |
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Macroscopic fungi |
Multicellular Can't function if broken up, NOT autonomous. |
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Fungi reproduction (2) |
Diving themselves - Yeast budding - hyphae fragmentation
Spore formation *NOT LIKE BACTERIA* Fungi spore are for reproduction not protection. |
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Ergot |
Pathogenic fungus. Parasitizes grasses. Contains LSD. Consuming grass leads to St. Anthony's Fire in humans. |
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Animalia (characteristics) |
Multicellular No cell walls Heterotrophs Usually sexual reproduction
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Metrazoans |
Sub-class of eukaryotes. EX: Tapeworm |
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Helminths |
Medically important animal Worm shaped
Some have Cestodes Others have a single main body |
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Cestode |
Flattened, compartmentalized segments of a Helminth that are used for reproduction. |