Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the pH of the vagina?
|
3.5-4.5
|
|
What effect does estrogen have on the pH?
|
it lowers it
(with a dec in estrogen during menopause, there is an increase in pH causing more infections) |
|
What is vaginitis and what are the s/s?
|
Inflammation of the vagina
itching, odor, redness, burning, edema |
|
What may also occur with vaginitis?
|
urethritis
|
|
What are risk factors for vulvovaginal infections?
|
premenarche, preg, menopause, poor hygiene, tight underwear, synthetic clothing, douching, allergies, antibodics, DM, intercourse with infected partner, oral-genital contact, HIV
|
|
What is candidiasis and the s/s?
|
fungal or yeast infection
vaginal discharge, itching, irritation, white cottage cheese like discharge |
|
What is bacterial vaginosis and the s/s?
|
over growth of bacteria, inc pH
fish-like odor esp during intercourse and menstruation, heavier then normal yellow/gray discharge |
|
What are the risk factors and complications for vaginosis?
|
STD, smoking, multiple sex partners, sex toy use
premature labor, endometritis, recurrent UTI |
|
What is the treament for vaginosis?
|
anti infectant (flagyl)
|
|
What is trichomoniasis and its complications?
|
sexually transmitted vaginitis caused by protozoan
HIV contraction, cervial neoplasm, postop infections, adverse preg, PID, infertility |
|
What are the s/s and treatments for trichomoniasis?
|
yellow-green vaginal discharge, burning itching, red spots on vaginal and cervix
antiinfectant-flagyl |
|
What are the most common strains of HPV?
|
6, 11
cause condylomata (warty growths) |
|
What strains of HPV are associated with cervical cancer and how are they found?
|
16, 18, 31, 33, 45
colposcopy |
|
What is dysplasia?
|
changes in cervical cells
|
|
What are the s/s of HPV?
What increases recurrence? |
none, warty growths
stress, sunburn, dental work, inadequate rest, inadequate nutrition |
|
What is herpes genitalis?
|
life long recurrent viral infection that causes herpetic lesions on external genitalia, vagina, cervix
|
|
How is herpes genitalis transmitted?
|
sexual contact or touching a cold sore then touching genitalia
|
|
What are the 6 types of herpes viruses?
|
HSV 1-cold sores
HSV 2- genital herpes HSV 3- shingles HSV 4- epstein barr HSV 5- CMV HSV 6- human B-lymphotrophic virus |
|
What are the s/s of herpes genitalis?
|
itching, pain, red, edmatous, macules, papules, vesicles, ulcers, blisters, coalesces, ulcerates, encrusts, flu-like symptoms, lymphadenopathy, dysuria
|
|
What are potential complications of herpes genitalis?
|
fetal mortality, aseptic meningitis, neonatal trasmission, emotional stress
|
|
What is the treatment for herpes genitalis?
|
relieving symptoms
|
|
What is endocervicitis?
|
inflammation of the mucosa and glands of the cervix caused by organisms in cervical glands after intercourse, abortion, intrauterine manipulation, or vag delivery
|
|
What is mucopurulent cervicitis?
|
inflammation of the cervix with exudate related to chlamydia
|
|
What are the most common causes of endocervicitis?
|
chlamydia and gonorrhea
|
|
What are the s/s and complications of chlamydia?
|
none, cervical discharge, dyspareunia, dysuria, bleeding
ectopic pregnancy, infertility, PID, conjunctivitis, periheopatitis, still birth, cervial cancer |
|
What are the s/s and complications of gonorrhea?
|
none, urethritis, epididymtis, discharge
HIV infection, PID, tubal infertility ectopic preg, chronic pelvic pain |
|
What is the treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhea?
|
antibiodics
zithromax, doxycycline, erthromyocin |
|
What is pelvic inflammatory disease?
|
inflammation of pelvic cavity usually caused by bacteria, may be viral, or fungal
|
|
Describe the patho of PID
|
organism enters the body thru vagina, into cervial canal, into uterus, may go to fallopian tubes and ovaries and pelvis
|
|
What causes PID?
|
sexual transmission, invasive procedure, hysteroscopy, surgical abortion, IUD
|
|
What are the s/s of PID?
|
vaginal discharge, dyspareunia, lower pelvic pain, tenderness, fever, N/V, headache
|
|
What are the complications of PID?
|
peritonitis, abscesses, strictures, fallopian tube obstruction, ectopic preg, sterility, pelvic pain, septic shock, thrombophlebitis
|
|
How is PID treated?
|
antibiodics, bed rest, IV fluids, analgesics
may require removal of uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries |
|
What are the two types of fistulas of the vagina?
|
vesicovaginal (bladder and vagina)
rectovaginal fistula (rectum and vagina) |
|
What is cystocele? It's s/s and treatment?
|
-downward displacement of the bladder
-pelvic pressure, incontinence, fatigue -kegel ex, pessaries (plastic device to keep organ aligned), colporrhaphy (repair of ant vaginal wall) |
|
What is rectocele? It's s/s and treatment?
|
-bulging of the rectum into the vagina
-pelvic pressure, rectal pressure, back pain -kegels, pessaries, pos. colporrhaphy |
|
What is enterocele, s/s, treatment?
|
-protrusion of intestinal wall into vagina
-kegels, pessaries, surgery |
|
How is a perineal laceration treated?
|
perineorrhaphy surgery
|
|
What is prolapse and the treatments?
|
-cervix, uterus, vaginal walls, bladder and rectum may protrude from the vagina
-pessaries, hysterectomy, surgery to suture back into place |
|
What is vulvitis and its s/s?
|
-inflammation of vulva (maybe caused by DM, poor hygiene, etc)
-erythema, swelling, candidal infections, itching, burning |
|
What is vulvodynia the s/s and the 2 types?
|
-chronic vulvar discomfort
-burning, itching, stingin, irritation -vulvar vestibulitis, dysesthetic vulvodynia |
|
What is a bartholin's cyst, the s/s, treatment?
|
-causes obstruction of a duct in one of vestibular glands
-discomfort, asymptomatic -all cysts can be treated with incision, drainage, antibodics, lanced |
|
What is vulvar dystrophy, s/s, treatment?
|
-dry, thickened skin on vulva with papules, fussures, macules
-itching, pain, asymptomatic -topical corticosteriods |
|
Describe a dermoid cyst?
|
arise from ovum, thick, yellow, sebacous, may develop differently
treatment based on severity |
|
Describe polycystic ovary syndrome?
|
endocrine condition-hypothalamic-pituitary/ovarian disorder that results in chronic anovulation and adrogen excess
|
|
What are the s/s of PCOS?
|
insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, irreg periods, infertility, obesity, hirsutism, met. syndrom
|
|
What is the treatment for PCOS?
|
surgical removal of cyst, oral contraception, hysterectomy
|
|
Define fibroid tumors, s/s?
|
aka myomatous, usually benign, arise from muscle tissue of the uterus
abn vaginal bleeding, pain, backache, pressure, bloating, constipation, urinary problems, infertility |
|
What is the treatment for fibroids?
|
hysterectomy, myoectomy, hysteroscopic resection of myomas, laparoscopic myomectomy/myolysis/cryomyolis, uterine artery embolization, monthly injections, antifibric agents
|
|
Describe endometriosis?
|
benign lesions growing aberrantly in the pelvic cavity (misplaced endometrial tissue), tissue bleeds and has no outlet, causes cysts, adhesions, can be caused by backflow of menses or via surgical instruments
|
|
What are the s/s and stages of endometriosis?
|
dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic discomfort, dyschezia (pain with bowel movement), infertility
Stage 1-superficial/minimal lesions Stage 2-mild involvment Stage 3-mod involvment Stage 4-extensive involvment and dense adhesions |
|
What is the treatment for endometriosis?
|
analgesics, prostaglandins, hormone therapy, oral contraception, GnRH agonists, laparoscopy, laser surgery, endocoagulation and electrocoag, hysterectomy, oophorectomy, appendectomy
|
|
Describe chronic pelvic pain, adenomyosis, endrometrial hyperplasia?
|
->6 months pelvic pain
-tissue from endometrium invades uterine wall -buildup of endometrial tissue caused by estrogen |
|
Describe cervical cancer
|
squamous cells or adenocarcinomas (often caused by HPV), most spread to pelvic lymph nodes or reoccurance if not treated promptly
|
|
What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?
|
multiple partners, early sexual age, sex with uncircumcised male, sex with male whoses partners has had cervical cancer, early childbearing, HPV, HIV/immunodefiency, smoking, DES exposure in utero, low socioeconomic class, nutritional def, chronic cervical infections, overweight
|
|
What are the s/s of cervical cancer?
|
early-non, thin watery discharge
advanced- discharge, bleeding, pain, foul smelling discharge from necrosis of tumor, leg pain, dysuria, rectal bleeding, edema more adv- infection, fever, fistula formation, abcess |
|
What are the diagnostic techniques and classification of cervical cancer?
|
Pap smear, biopsy, coposcopy, x-ray, CT, MRI, urograph, cystography
T-extent for primary tumor N-lymph noid involvment M-metastasis |
|
What are the treatments for cervical cancer?
|
cryotherapy, loop electrocautery excision procedure (laser), conization, hysterectomy (uterus, cervix, ovaries), radiation, surgery, radical hysterectomy (uterus, ovaries, fall tubes, proximal vagina, bilat lymph nodes) radical vaginal hysterectomy (uterus, ovaries, fall tubes, prox vag), bilateral, pelvic lyphadenectomy (iliac, hypogastric, lymphatic vessels and nodes), pelvic exenteration (bladder, rectum, pelvic lymph nodes, diversional conduit, colostomy, vagina), radial trachelelectomy (cervix, nodes)
|
|
Describe uterus cancer
|
cancer of endometrium (fundas or corpus), endometrioid (originate in lining of uterus)
|
|
What are the risk factors for uterine cancer?
|
55-61 years, postmenopausal bleeding, obesity, unopposed estrogen therapy, nulliparity, late menopause, tamoxifen, infertility, DM, HYN, gallbladder disease
|
|
How is uterine cancer diagnosed and treated?
|
-ultrasonography, biopsy, aspiration
-hysterectomy, radiation, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and node sampling, surgery |
|
Describe cancer of the vulva
|
pruritus, soreness, bleeding, fouls smelling discharge, lump, mass, redness, lesion that will not heal
|
|
What are risk factors for vulva cancer?
|
smoking, HPV, chronic vulvar irritation, HIV, postmenopause
|
|
How is vulvar cancer treated?
|
local excision, laser ablation, chemotherapeutic creams, cryosurgery, vulvectomy, radiation, chemo
|
|
What can cause vagina cancer?
|
malignant melanoma, sarcomas
DES, previous cancer, radiation therapy, HPV, pessary use (chronic irriation) |
|
What are the s/s of vagina cancer and what is the treatment?
|
bleeding, vaginal discharge, pain, urinary or rectal symptoms
radiation, chemo, local excision, radical vaginectomy, laser |
|
Describe ovarian cancer and risk factors
|
-germ cell tumors, stromal cell tumors, epithelial tumors-most common
-heredity, nulliparity, infertility, talcum powder |
|
What are the s/s of ovarian cancer?
|
inc in abdominal girth, pelvic pressure, bloating, back pain, constipation, abdominal pain, urinary urgency, indigestion, flatulence, GI symptoms
|
|
What is the treatment for ovarian cancer?
|
surgery, hysterectomy, tumor debulking, biopsies, chemo, radiation
|
|
What is the most common s/s of ovarian cancer and following treatment?
|
ascites and pleural effusion
|
|
Describe the 4 stages of ovarian cancer
|
Stage 1- cancer is contained within ovary
Stage 2- cancer is in 1 or both ovaries and in another organ within pelvis Stage 3- cancer is 1 or both ovary, spread to lining of abdomen, or lymph nodes Stage 4- cancer in 1 or both ovary, metastasis in liver, lungs, or other organs--end stage cancer in pleural cavity |
|
What is a hysterectomy and when is it used?
|
surgical removal of uterus to treat cancer, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, nonmalignant growth, persistant pain, pelvic relaxatio, prolapse, previous injury to uterus
|
|
Describe total hysterectomy
|
removal of uterus and cervic
|
|
Describe radical hysterectomy
|
uterus, surrounding tissues, upper third of vagina, and pelvic lymph nodes are removed
|
|
How are hyterectomies performed?
|
abdominal incision or laparoscopically
|
|
What are the post op nursing management?
|
DVT, infection, hemorrahage, loss of bladder tone, voiding problems, hormone imbalance, edema, pain
avoid heavy lifting, straining, sitting for long periods |
|
When is radiation therapy used?
|
cervical, uterine, ovarian cancers
used in combo with surgery and chemo |
|
What are the 3 types of radiation?
|
external radiation, intraopearative radiation (IORT), internal irradiation
|
|
What are basic radiation safety techniques?
|
minimize amout of time near radioactive source, max distance, use shielding, wear film badge to monitor exposure, wear rubber gloves, dispose of soiled matter properly, keep patient restricted to room, explain discharge instructions throughly
|
|
What are side effects of radiation therapy?
|
diarrhea, abdominal cramping, radiation cystitis, urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria
|
|
How is chemo administered?
|
IV- ttaxol, paraplatin, liposomal therapy
|
|
What are the common side effects of chemo?
|
neutropenia, thromobocytopenia, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, hair loss, hypersensitivity, N/V
|