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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Staphaurex detects what?
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Bound coagulase and Protein A
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Slide/Rapid test detects what?
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Bound coagulase
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Long/Tube detects what?
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Free and Bound coagulase
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Free coagulase?
Bound coagulase? |
-Enzyme that is secreted extracellularly
-Bound=cell wall associated protein |
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clumping factor?
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-Bound coagulase
-process of clotting of blood plasma -reaction of clumping factor with fibrinogen causes agglutination |
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Novobiocin Disk Test?
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-separates species of Staph. based on R or S
-used to ID S. saprophyticus -Mueller Hinton Agar -16 mm zone |
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types of disease caused by S. aureus
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-Cutaneous infections - cellulitis, folliculitis, boils, carbuncles, impetigo.
-Toxic induced diseases - food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome -Deep seated infections - deep abcesses, osteomyletis, pneumonia, sepsis, endocarditis |
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Menstrual and Non-menstrual TSST-1?
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-Menstrual= from tampons, absorbance thru vaginal mucosa
-non-menstrual=due to enterotoxins B and C, infecting any place, wound, lungs, skin |
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alpha hemolysin does what?
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-lyses RBCs, damages platelets and macrophages, severe tissue damage
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beta hemolysin does what?
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"sphingomyelinase C"
-acts on sphingomyelin in plasma membrane of RBCs |
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Panton-Valentine leukocidin
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exotoxin that is lethal to polymorphonuclear leukocytes
-suppresses phagocytosis, associated with several cutaneous infections and necrotizing pneumonia |
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Protein A?
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cellular component in cell wall of S. aureus that is able to bind the Fc portion of IgG, which blocks phagocytosis
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hyaluronidase?
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hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid present in the intracellular ground substance that makes up connective tissue
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lipase?
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acts on lipids present on the surface of the skin
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Biofilms?
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complex communities of organisms embedded in an extracellular matrix
-enable persistent colonization of catheters and other biomaterials |
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S. epidermidis infections?
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-nosocomial infections typically associated with colonization of hospital devices
-UTIs, infections with patients on immunosuppressive therapy -prosthitic valve endocarditis, prosthetic joint infections |
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S. lugdunenis infections?
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-endocarditis and prosthetic joint infection
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S. saprophyticus infections?
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-UTIs
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S. haemolyticus infections?
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-2nd most frequent encountered SCN
-hospital acquired human infections |
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Tests and results to differentiate S. lugdeunensis from SCN?
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-PYR positive
-Ornithine positive |
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Oxacillin disk test?
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-performed by Kirby-Bauer method
-S. aureus R -S. lugdunensis Intermediate -other staph 17 mm |
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Strep that show beta?
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-Group A
-Group B -Sometimes Enterococcus and Group D |
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Strep that show alpha?
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-S. pneumoniae
-Viridans group -Sometimes Enterococcus and Group D |
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Strep that show gamma?
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-Sometimes Enterococcus and Group D
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Group A=
Group B= |
-S. pyogenes
-S. agalactiae |
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Group A infections?
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-bacterial pharyngitis (Strep Throat)
-pyodermal infections (impetigo, cellulitis, wound infections, erysipelas, scarlet fever) -necrotizing fascitis -TSS -post-streptococcal sequele (Rhuematic Fever, Acute Glomerulonephritis) |
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Group B infections?
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-invasive disease in the newborn
-Early onset infection (<7days old) -Late onset infection (>7days old) -vaginal colonization of the organism in the mother |
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Group D infections?
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-are normal flora in intestinal tract
-bacterial endocarditis, UTIs, abscesses and wound infections -S. bovis - colon cancer |
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Enterococcus infections?
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-hospital acquired infecitons, UTIs, bacteremia
-typically elderly patients with prosthetic valves |
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S. pneumoniae infections?
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-most frequent cause of otitis media in children under 3 years old
-most frequent cause of pneumonia in elderly -most common cause of meningitis in adults, 2nd most in children. |
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Viridans group infections?
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-normal flora of the oropharynayx
-opportunistic pathogens causing disease in the immunosuppressed -most common cause of subactute bacterial endocarditis |
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Nutritionally Varient Strep (NVS) infections?
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-bacteremia, endocarditis, otitis media infections
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Leuconostoc species infections?
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bacteremia, UTIs
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M protein?
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-surface protein attached to the peptidoglycan layer of cell wall
-antiphagocytic and aides with bacterial adherence to mucosal cells |
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Protein F and lipoteichoic acid?
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-Fibronectin binding protein
-attachment to oral mucosal cells |
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Hyaluronic acid capsule?
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-weakly immunogenic
-able to mask its antigens and remain unrecognized by the host |
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Streptolysins?
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-responsible for the beta hemolysis
O (oxygen labile) lyses leukocytes, platelets, other cells such as RBCs -very immunogenic, hemolysin |
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Streptolysin O?
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O (oxygen labile) lyses leukocytes, platelets, other cells such as RBCs
-very immunogenic, hemolysin is only active in reduced form, which is in anaerobic environment |
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Streptolysin S?
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-lyses leukocytes and is non-immunogenic
S stands for oxygen stabile, will produce beta hemolysin if incubated aerobically |
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Streptokinase?
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-lyses fibrin clots facilitating spread of bacteria in tissue
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hyaluronidase?
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-solubilizes the ground substance on connective tissue
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Pyrogenic (or erythrogenic) exotoxins?
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-immunologically distinct superantigens
-SpeA, SpeB, SpeC, SpeF -they stimulate T-lymphocyte cell proliferation resulting in production of interlukin-1, tumor necrotizing factor, and other cytokines which manifest as a rash of the face and upper trunk and scarlet fever -cause shock and organ failure in TSS |
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Rheumatic Fever
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-caused by S. pyogenes
-inflammation of the heart, joints, blood vessels, and subcutaneous tissue -follows pharynigitis and can cause perminent heart valve damage -Autoimmune |
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Acute Glomerulonephritis
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-cause by S. pyogenes
-AGN can occur after cutaneous infection or pharyngitis -immune complexes deposit in the glomeruli of the kidneys, fixing complement and causing kidney function damage |
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main VF of S. pneumoniae?
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-polysaccharide capsule (Antiphagocytic)
-capsule in antigenic and can be typed with antisera -over 80 capsular devices IDed |
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Optochin Test?
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-Ethylhydrocupreiene hydrocholride
-a quinine derivitive. -inhibits S. pneumoniae -Zone equals 14 mm |
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Bile solubility (deoxycholate)
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-S. pneumoniae rapidly lysed by bile or bile salt soultion
-bile salts lower the surface tension between bacterial cell membrane and the medium -accelerates natural autolytic process -lysis depends on presence of intracellular autolytic enzyme |
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Quellung Reaction?
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-biocehmical rxn where antibodies bind the the bacterial capsule in S. pneumoniae
-capsule becomes opaque and appears to swell because of increased surface tension |
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Bacitriacin Test zone?
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-zone greater than or equal to 7mm
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CAMP test?
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-the factor produced, enhances the lysis of sheep RBCs by S. aureus beta-lysin.
-arrowhead shaped zone of complete hemolysis is positive |
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Hippurate test?
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-rapid test for presence of hippuricase enzyme which will hydrolyze hippurate with the release of glycine and benzoic acid
-addition of ninhydrin results in the oxidative deamination of the alpha-amino group in glycine to its corresponding aldehyde, with the release of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and hydrindantin -ammonia reacts with ninhydrin and hydrindantin to give a purple colored complex for posiive |
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PYR disk Test?
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-L-pyrrolidonyl-beta-napthylamide
-detection of pyrrolidonyl peptidase -following the hydrolysis of the substrate peptidase, the resulting beta napthylamide produces a red color when .01% cinnamaldehyde is added |
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Bile esculin test?
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-Bacteria that are bile esculin positive are able to grow in the presence of 40% bile and subsequently hydrolyze esculin to esculetin and glucose
-esculetin diffuses into the agar and combines with ferric citrate to give black color |
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6.5% NaCl test?
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-tests ability to survive in high salt concentrations
-broth contains a small amount of glucose and bromcresal purple and indicator |
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Leuconostoc species key ID tests?
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-Vancomycin R
-LAP negative -biochemical ID |
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NVS key ID tests?
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-NG on SBA
-growth on CBA and see satellites around S. aureus |
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Universally susceptible antibiotic for Group A?
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penicillin
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N. gonorrhoeae infections?
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-infections in urethra of males and endocervix of females
-infection of conjunctiva, anal canal, and pharynx -if untreated in males, prostatitis, epididymitis, dysuria -if untreated in females, PID, sterility |
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N. meningitidis infections?
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-main etiologic agent of meningitis and meningococcemia (sepsis) in 14-25 year olds
-can be deadly within 48 hours of contracting -spread by respiratory droplets -symptoms, petechial skin rash, purpura, tachycardia, hypotension, thrombosis |
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M. catarrhalis infections?
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-normal flora of resp tract
-opportunistic pathogen -3rd leading cause of otitis media and sinusitis in children -can cause severe infection in immunosuppressed patients |
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Neisseria incubation reqs?
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-aerobic
-humid -3-5% CO2 atmosphere All of the media need to be incubated at 35◦ C for 72 hours with 3-7% CO2. If a CO2 incubator is not available, a candle jar with a lit unscented candle can be used in an anaerobic jar. |
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Catarrhalis disk test?
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ID of Moraxella catarrhalis
-enzyme butyrate esterase releases indoxyl butyrate and spontaneously forms dark blue pigment in the presence of oxygen |
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MTM and TM agar key ingredients?
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-Vancomycin, Colistin, Nystatin
-trimethoprim in MTM |
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New York City agar key ingredients?
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-Vancomycin, Colistin, amphotercin, trimethoprim
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GC lect agar key ingredients?
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enrichment agar
-contains a little less Vancomycin for improved recovery of N. gonorrheae |