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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List examples of normal microbiota on the skin
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The skin contains relatively large numbers of gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococcus and micrococci. Moist areas such as the armpits have increased numbers of bacteria.
Included are gram-positive pleomorphic rods called diphtheriods...can cause acne. They are typically. Anaerobic and inhabit hair follicles. Their growth is supported by sebum oil glands. Malassezia is a yeast that is responsible for dandruff |
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Understand way that pathogens can invade the skin
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The hair follicles, sweat gland ducts and oil gland ducts in the dermis provide passageways for microorganisms to travel and enter
Sweat and sebum contains enzymes that kill most bacteria, though, some find it nutritive and can survive with it |
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State the general locations and ecological roles of it's members
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Epidermis: is the thin outer portion composed of several layers of epithelium
Stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis and contains waterproofing keratin . The dermis is the inner, thicker portion, composed of connective tissue Hair follicles Sweat gland releases sweat/perspiration that provides moisture to some nutrients but also contains salt and lysosomes oil glands secrete sebum. A mixture of lipids, proteins and salts, which keeps skin and hair from drying out |
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Differentiate between staphylococcus and streptococci
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Staphylococcus exists in grape like clusters
Streptococci exists in chains |
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Macules
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Flat, reddened lesions
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Vesicles
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Small fluid filled lesions
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Papules
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Raised lesions (no pus)
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Pustules
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Raised lesions that contain pus
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Exanthem
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A skin rash that arises from disease conditions
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Macular rashes: measles (rubeola)
(viral diseases) |
Pathogen: measles virus
Portal of entry: respiratory tract Symptoms: skin rash of reddish macules first appearing on face and spreading to trunk and extremities Method of transmission: aerosol Treatment: no treatment; preexposure to vaccine Extremely contagious viral disease that is spread by the respiratory route. Infectious before symptoms appear so quarantine is not effective Vaccine MMR. Has nearly eliminated measles in the USA. More infectious than small pox. Infection begins in the upper respiratory system and incubate for 10-12 days, than macular rash appears along with cold symptoms On body and in oral cavity (kopliks spots, small red spots with central blue white specs Extremely dangerous to children and old people. Measles sufferers may have secondary infections such a encephalitis and middle ear infections |
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Macular rashes: Rubella (German measles)
(viral diseases) |
Pathogen: rubella virus
Portal of entry: respiratory tract Symptoms: mild mascular disease with. Rash resembling measles, but less extensive and disappearing in three days or less Method of transmission: aerosol Treatment: no treatment; preexposure to vaccine Milder than measles and often goes undetected. A macular rash of small red spots and A light fever are usual symptoms. Complications are rare but encephalitis occurs in some cases. Virus is transported by the respiratory route and incubates for 2-3 weeks. Rubella during first trimester of pregnancy is call congenital rubella syndrome. Has seriousness side effects for baby including metal retardation, death, heart defects, deafness etc. |
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Macular rashes: fifth disease (erythmema infectiosum)
(viral diseases) |
Pathogen: human parvovirus b19
Portal of entry: respiratory tract Symptoms: mild disease with w macular facial rash Method of transmission: aerosol Treatment: none Name derived because it is the fifth name on a list of otherwise well known rashes. Symptoms are similar to mild influenza but with s distinctive "slapped cheek" facial rash that slowly fades. |
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Muscular rashes: candidiasis
(fungal diseases) |
pathogen: candida albicans
Portal of entry: skin; mucous membranes Symptoms: macular rash Method of transmission: direct contact; endogenous infection Treatment: miconazole, clotrimozole topically Overgrowths by C. Albicans. Caused by overgrowth of yeast that is immune to phagocytosis and not affected by antimicrobial drugs. Cause a whitish overgrowth in the oral cavity called thrush. Also very common cases of vaginitis Idv. with HIV are prone to infections. Obese people or diabetics, the areas of the skin with. Oe moisture become infected and skin becomes bright red. Treated topically with ointment |
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Vesicular and pustular rashes: impetigo
(bacterial diseases) |
Pathogen: staphylococcus aureus.
Portal of entry: skin Symptoms: vesicles on skin Method of transmission: direct contact fomites Treatment: topical antibiotics |
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Vesicular and pustular rashes:
Small pox (variola) (viral diseases) |
Pathogen: smallpox variola virus
Portal of entry: respiratory tract Symptoms: postules that may be nearly confluent with skin Method of transmission: Aerosol Treatment: none |
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Vesicular and pustular rashes:
Chickenpox (varicella) (viral diseases) |
Pathogen: varicella-zoster virus
Portal of entry: respiratory tract Symptoms: vesicles in most cases confined to the face, throat and lower back. Method of transmission: aerosol Treatment: acyclovir for immunocomprimised patients; preexposure vaccine. |
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Vesicular and pustular rashes:
Shingles (herpes-zoster) (viral diseases) |
Pathogen: varicella-zoster virus
Portal of entry: endogenous infections of peripheral nerves Symptoms: vesicles typically on onside of the waist, face, scalp, or upper chest. Method of transmission: recurrence of latent chickenpox vaccine. Treatment: acyclovir preventative vaccine. |
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Vesicular and pustular rashes:
Herpes simplex (viral diseases) |
Pathogen: herpes simplex virus type 1
Portal of entry: skin, mucous membranes Symptoms: vesicles around the mouth; can also affect other areas of the skin and mucous membranes Method of transmission: initial infection by direct contact; recurring latent infection Treatment: acyclovir |
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Patchy redness and pimple-like conditions: Folliculitus
(bacterial diseases) |
Pathogen: staphylococcus aureus
Portal of entry: hair follicle Symptoms: infection of hair follicle Method of transmission: direct contact fomites; endogenous infection caused by host microbiota Treatment: draining of pus; topical antibiotics |
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Patchy redness and pimple-like conditions:
Toxic shock syndrome (bacterial diseases) |
Pathogen: staphylococcus aureus.
Portal of entry: surgical incisions Symptoms: rash, shock, fever Method of transmission: endogenous infections caused by microorganisms already part of host microbiota Treatment: antibiotics, depending on sensitivity profile |
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Patchy redness and pimple-like conditions: Necrotizing fascitis
(bacterial diseases) |
Pathogen: streptococcus pyrogenes
Portal of entry: skin abrasions Symptoms: extensive soft tissue destruction Method of transmission: direct contact Treatment: surgical tissue removal, broad spectrum antibiotics |
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Patchy redness and pimple-like conditions: Acne
(bacterial diseases) |
Pathogen: propionibacterium acnes
Portal of entry: sebum channels Symptoms: inflammatory legions originating with accumulations of sebum that rupture a hair follicle Method of transmission: direct contact Treatment: beznzoyl peroxide, isotretinoin |
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Patchy redness and Pimple-like conditions:
Warts (viral diseases) |
Pathogen: papillomavirus
Portal of entry: skin Symptoms: a horny projection of the skin formed by the proliferation of cells Method of transmission: direct contact Treatment: may be removed by liquid nitrogen cryotherapy, electrodessication, acids, lasers |
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Patchy redness and Pimple-like conditions:
Ringworm (tinea) (fungal diseases) |
Pathogen: microsporum, trichophyton, epidermophyton spp.
Portal of entry: skin Symptoms: skin lesions of highly varied appearance; on scalp may cause local loss of hair Method of transmission: direct contact fomites. Treatment: griseofulvin (orally); miconazole, clotrimazole (topically) |
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Patchy redness and Pimple-like conditions:
Sporotrichosis (fungal diseases) |
Pathogen: sporothrix, schenkii
Portal of entry: skin abrasions Symptoms: ulcer at site of infection spreading into nearby lymphatic vessels Method of transmission: soil Treatment: potassium iodide solution (orally) |
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Patchy redness and Pimple-like conditions:
scabies (parasitic infestations) |
Pathogen: sarcoptes scabiei
Portal of entry: skin Symptoms: papules, itching Method of transmission: direct contact Treatment: gamma benzene hexachloride, permethrin (topically) |
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Patchy redness and Pimple-like conditions:
pediculosis (lice) (parasitic infestation) |
Pathogen: pediculus humanus capitus
Portal of entry: skin Symptoms: itching Method of transmission: primarily direct contact; possible fomites such as bedding and combs Treatment: topical insecticide preparations |
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Microbial disease of the eyes:
Conjunctivitis (bacterial diseases) |
Pathogen: haemophilus influenzae
Portal of entry: conjunctiva Symptoms: redness Method of transmission: direct contact; fomites Treatment: none |
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Microbial disease of the eyes:
Ophthalmia neonatorum (bacterial diseases) |
Pathogen: neisseria gonorrhoeae
Portal of entry: conjunctiva Symptoms: acute infection with pus formation Methods of transmission: through birth canal Treatment: prevention: tetracycline, erythromycin, or providone-iodine |
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Microbial disease of the eyes:
Conjunctivitis (viral diseases) |
Pathogen: adenovirus
Portal of entry: conjunctiva Symptoms: redness Method of transmission: direct contact Treatment: none |
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Microbial disease of the eyes:
Ancanthamoeba keratitis (protozoan disease) |
Pathogen: acanthamoeba spp
Portal of entry: corneal abrasion; soft contact lenses may prevent removal of by blinking Symptoms: Keratitis Method of transmission: contact with fresh water Treatment: topical propaminide isethionate or miconazole; corneal transplant or eye surgery may be required. |