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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define nonspecific resistance.
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All body defenses that protect the body against any kind of pathogen
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What is another name for specific resistance?
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Immunity
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What are three ways that your body prevents pathogens from entering it?
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Barriers: skin, mucous membranes
Removal by washing: saliva, urine, perspiration, tears Antimicrobials made by the body: Sebum, lysozyme, gastric juices |
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Name six pathogenic inhibitions within the body.
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1. Leukocytosis
2. Phagocytosis 3. Inflammation 4. Fever 5. Complement (MAC) 6. Interferon |
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What two factors is a line of defense made up of?
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Mechanical factors and chemical factors
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What is sebum and how does it protect us?
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It is the semifluid secretion of the the skin glands; made up of fat, keratin, and cellular material that inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria
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What is lysozyme and how does it work?
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Lysozyme is found in tears, saliva, nasal secretions and perspiration; it destroys the cell walls of some bacteria
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The high acidity of gastric juice prevents microbial growth in the stomach; what is its pH?
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pH 1.2 - 3.0
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What are transferrins and what do they do?
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Transferrins are iron binding proteins; they bind iron, making it unavailable to a pathogen
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What are the three categories of leukocytes (white blood cells)?
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Granulocytes, Monocytes, and Lymphocytes
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What are the three types of granulocytes and which ones are phagocytic?
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Neutrophils: Phagocytic
Basophils: Nonphagocytic Eosinophils: Phagocytic |
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Which type of Granulocyte is most numerous?
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Neutrophils
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What are the characteristics of Monocytes?
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They are one of the types of leukocytes; phagocytic agranulocytes; mature into macrophages
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What are the characteristics of Lymphocytes and what are they also called?
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Nonphagocytic agranulocytes; also called Natural Killer (NK) cells
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What are the two broad categories of Lymphocytes?
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T cells (T for Thymus) and
B cells (B for Bone marrow) |
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What do T cells do?
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They are responsible for cell-mediated immunity; macrophages and NK cells; produce antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; release various cytokines (small proteins that may induce fever, pain and proliferation of T cells)
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What do B cells do?
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They are responsible for humoral immunity (related to antibodies)
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What is the name for an increase/decrease in leukocytes?
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Increase: Leukocytosis
Decrease: Leukopenia |
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Name two infections that may cause leukocytosis?
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Meningitis and mononucleosis
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Name two infections that may cause leukopenia?
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Salmonellosis and brucellosis
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What is a normal white blood cell count?
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5,000 - 10,000/microliter
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What white blood cell count would qualify for leukocytosis diagnosis?
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15,000 - 20,000/microlite
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What white blood cell count would qualify for a leukopenia diagnosis?
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Less than 4,000/microliter
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What is the most important phagocyte of the granulocytes?
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Neutrophils (60-70% of leukocytes)
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What do enlarged monocytes become?
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Both wandering and fixed macrophages
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Which type of leukocytes predominate during the early stages of the infection?
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Granulocytes
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Which leukocytes predominate as the infections subsides?
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Monocytes
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Name the process by which phagocytes are attracted to microorganisms.
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Chemotaxis
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Coating a microbe with plasma proteins to aid in adherence of phagocyte is called what?
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Opsonization
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How is a microorganism ingested by a phagocyte?
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Pseudopods engulf the microorganism and enclose it in a phagocytic vesicle to draw it into the cell
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What kills most phagocytized microorganisms?
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Lysosomal enzymes and oxidizing agents
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Give examples of microbes that are not killed by phagocytes and instead reproduce in them.
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Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HIV, and plasmodium
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Name the surface protein present on some protein that prevents white blood cells from engulfing and destroying them.
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M protein
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Name the defense of some pathogens that causes lysus of the cell membrane of neutrophils (phagocytes) and its death.
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Leukocidins
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Name two organisms that use leukocidins to defend themselves from phagocytes.
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Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes
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What are the roles (3) of inflammation?
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1. Destroy and remove etiological agent and its product or
2. Confining the etiological agent and its product 3. Repair/replace damaged tissues |
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Describe the process of inflammation.
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Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocyte migration, and tissue repair
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What causes the vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels?
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Histamine: a cellular biogenic amine chemical
Kinins: blood plasma proteins that attract phagocytes Prostaglandins: hormone-like substance released by damaged cells (intesifies effects of histamine and kinins) |
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The ability of phagocytes to stick to the lining of the blood vessels is called what?
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Margination
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The ability of phagocytes to squeeze through blood vessels is called what?
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Emigration
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What is pus?
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The accumulation of damaged tissue and dead microbes, granulocytes, and macrophages
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What is the difference between stroma and parenchyma (tissues)?
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Stroma: Supporting tissue
Parenchyma: functioning tissue |
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How is scar tissue produced?
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By fibroblasts (cells of connective tissue) repairing stroma tissue
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Shivering (chill) indicates a rising or falling in body temperature?
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Rising
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What is another name for the phase of fever?
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Crisis (sweating); Indicates body temperature is falling
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What helps the production of T lymphocytes (cell mediated immunity)?
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Interleukin 1
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What is MAC and how is it formed?
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MAC is the membrane attack complex which is formed by complements C5b - C8 and multiple C9 fragments
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How does MAC destroy pathogens?
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They create a hole in the membrane through which extracellular fluids flows into the microbe and causes it to burst
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How do some bacteria evade destruction by the complement system?
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By means of capsules, surface lipid-carbohydrate complexes, and enzymatic destruction of C5a (leukocyte chemoattractants)
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How is the complement system activated?
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Through antibody-dependent and antibody-independent pathways
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Define interferons (IFNs).
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A family of cytokines that consist of antiviral and antimicrobial proteins produced in response to microbial infection (type of cytokines)
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Are interferons (IFNs) host or virus specific or both?
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Host specific only
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What are the three types of human interferons (IFNs) and what does each do?
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Alpha, beta, and gamma interferon (a-IFN, b-IFN, and g-IFN); a-IFN and b-IFN induce uninfected cells that are close to the virally-infected cells to produce antiviral proteins (AVPs); g-IFN activates neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria
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