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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Personality is defined as an individual's characteristic pattern of _____.
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thinking, feeling, and acting
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The psychoanalytic perspective on personality was proposed by _____.
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Sigmund Freud
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A second, historically significant perspective was the _____ approach, which focused on people's capacities for _____.
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humanistic; growth and self-fulfillment
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Today's theories are _____ focused and down-to-earth than these grand theories.
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more
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Sigmund Freud was a medical doctor who specialized in _____ disorders. Freud developed his theory in response to his observation that many patients had disorders that did not make _____ sense.
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nervous (system); neurological
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At first, Freud thought _____ would unlock the door to the unconscious.
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hypnosis
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The technique later used by Freud, in which the patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, is called _____.
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free association
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Freud called his theory and associated techniques, whereby painful unconscious memories are exposed, _____.
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psychoanalysis
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According to this theory, the mind is like an iceberg in that many of a person's thoughts, wishes, and feelings are hidden in a large _____ region.
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unconscious
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Some thoughts can be retrieved at will into consciousness; these thoughts are said to be _____.
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preconscious
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Many memories are blocked, or _____ from consciousness.
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repressed
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Freud believes that a person's _____ wishes are often reflected in their beliefs, habits, symptoms, and slips of the tongue and pen.
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unconscious
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Freud called the remembered content of dreams the _____, which he believed to be a censored version of the dream's true _____.
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manifest content; latent content
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Freud believed that all facets of personality arise from conflict between our _____ impulses and the _____ restraints against them.
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biological; social
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According to Freud, personality consists of three interacting structures: the _____, the _____, and the _____.
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id; ego; superego
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The id is a reservoir of energy that is primarily _____ and operates according to the _____ principle.
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unconscious; pleasure
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The ego developed _____ the id and consists of perceptions, thoughts, and memories that are mostly _____.
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after; conscious
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The ego operates according to the _____ principle. The ego is the servant of three masters: _____, _____, and _____. Ego is the executive that satisfies all three demands.
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reality; id; superego; reality
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The personality structure that reflects moral values is the _____, which Freud believed began emerging at about age _____.
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superego; 4 or 5
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A person with a _____ superego may be self-indulgent; one with an unusually _____ superego may be continually guilt-ridden.
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weak; strong
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According to Freud, personality is formed as the child passes through a series of _____ stages, each of which is focused on a distinct body area called a(n) _____.
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psychosexual; erogenous zone
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The first stage is the _____ stage, which takes place during the first _____ months of life. During this stage, the id's energies are focused on behaviors such as _____.
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oral; 18; sucking, biting, and chewing
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The second stage is the _____ stage, which lasts from about age _____.
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anal; 18 months to 3 years
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The third stage is the _____ stage, which lasts roughly from ages _____. During this stage, the id's energies are focused on the _____.
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phallic; 3 years to 6 years; genitals
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Freud also believed that during this stage children develop sexual desires for the _____-sex parents. Freud referred to these feelings as the _____ in boys. Some psychoanalysts in Freud's era believed that girls experience a parallel _____.
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opposite; Oedipus complex; Electra complex
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Freud believed that _____ with a same-sex parent figure is the basis for _____.
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identification; gender-identity
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During the next stage, sexual feelings are repressed: this phase is called the _____ stage and lasts until adolescence.
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latency
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The final stage of development is called the _____ stage.
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genital
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According to Freud, it is possible for a person's development to become blocked in any of the stages; in such an instance, the person is said to be _____.
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fixated
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People who are messy and disorganized or highly controlled and compulsively neat were said to be _____ or _____ respectively.
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anal expulsive; anal retentive
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The ego attempts to protect itself against anxiety through the use of _____. The process underlying each of these mechanisms is _____.
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defense mechanisms; repression
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Dealing with anxiety by returning to an earlier stage of development is called _____.
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regression
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When a person reacts in a manner opposite that of their true feelings, _____ is said to have occurred.
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reaction formation
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When a person attributes their own feelings to another person, _____ has occurred.
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projection
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When a person offers a false, self-justifying explanation for their actions, _____ has occurred.
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rationalization
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When impulses are directed toward an object other than the one that caused arousal, _____ has occurred.
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displacement
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Defense mechanisms are _____ processes.
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unconscious
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The theorists who established their own, modified versions of psychoanalytic theory are called _____. These theorists typically place _____ emphasis on the conscious mind than Freud did and _____ emphasis on sex and aggression.
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neo-Freudians; more; less
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Adler emphasized _____. Coined the term _____.
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social tensions and feelings of inferiority; inferiority complex
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Horney disagreed that _____. Coined the term _____.
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females have "penis envy" and socialized social expectations; basic anxiety
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Jung emphasized _____. Coined the term _____.
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inherited memories; collective unconscious
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Today's psychologists _____ the idea that people inherit a common reservoir of experiences, which _____ called a _____.
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reject; Jung; collective unconscious
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More recently, some of Freud's ideas have been incorporated into _____ theory. Unlike Freud, the theorists advocating this perspective do not believe that _____ is the basis of personality. They do agree, however that much of mental life is _____, that _____ shapes personality, and that we often struggle with _____.
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psycho-dynamic; sex; unconscious; childhood; inner conflicts
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Tests that provide subjects with ambiguous stimuli for interpretation are called _____tests.
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projective
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Henry Murray introduced the personality assessment technique called the _____.
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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The most widely-used projective test is the _____, in which subjects are shown a series of _____.
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Rorshach; inkblots |
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Generally, projective tests appear to have _____ validity and reliability. This is because there _____ a universal system for scoring these tests, and they _____ successful at predicting behavior.
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little; is not; are not
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Contrary to Freud's theory, research indicates that human development is _____, children gain their gender identity at an _____ age, and the presence of a same-sex parent _____ necessary for the child to become strongly "masculine" or "feminine".
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lifelong; earlier; is not
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Recent research also disputes Freud's beliefs that dreams disguise _____ and that defense mechanisms disguise _____ impulses.
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wishes; sexual and aggressive
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Another Freudian idea that is no longer widely accepted is that psychological disorders are caused by _____.
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sexual suppression
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Psycho-analytic theory rests on the assumption that the human mind often _____ painful experiences. Many of today's researchers think that this process is much _____ than Freud believed. They also believe that when it does occur, it is a reaction to terrible _____. |
represses; rarer; trauma
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Today's psychologists agree with Freud that much of the mind's information processing is _____.
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unconscious
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Research studies demonstrate that our capacity for _____, sometimes called _____, is quite sophisticated.
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nonconscious learning; implicit learning
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Another Freudian idea that has received support is that people defend themselves against _____.
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anxiety
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According to _____, when people are faced with a threatening world, they seek to enhance their _____ adhere _____ to the worldviews that create meaning in their lives.
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terror-management theory; self-esteem- more strongly
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An example of the defense mechanism that Freud called _____ is what researchers today call the _____ effect. This refers to our tendency to ____ extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.
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projection; false-consensus; overestimate
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Criticism of psychoanalysis as a scientific theory centers on the fact that it provides _____ explanations and does not offer _____.
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after-the-fact; testable preditions
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Freudian ideas that have survived include that behavior often comes from the _____; that humans defend against _____; that _____ is developmentally important; that _____ matter.
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unconscious; anxiety; childhood; inner tensions
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Two influential theories of humanistic psychology were proposed by _____.
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Rogers and Maslow
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According to _____, humans are motivated by needs that are organized into a _____. He refers to the process of fulfilling one's potential as _____.
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Maslow; hierarchy; self-actualization
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As a pioneer in the movement for a more humanistic psychology, _____ emphasized the ways that healthy people strive for _____ and self-realization.
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Maslow; self-determination
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Characteristics _____ associated with those who fulfilled their potential included being _____.
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Maslow; self-aware, self-accepting, open, spontaneous, loving, caring, not paralyzed by others' opinions, and problem-centered rther than self-centered.
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According to _____, a person nurtures growth in a relationship by being _____.
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Rogers; genuine, accepting, and empathetic
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People who are accepting of others offer them _____. By so doing, they enable others to be _____ without fearing the loss of their esteem.
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unconditional positive regard; spontaneous
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For both Maslow and Rogers, an important feature of personality is how an individual perceives _____; this is the person's _____.
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themselves; self-concept
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Humanistic psychologists sometimes use _____ to assess personality, that is, to evaluate the _____.
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questionnaires; self-concept
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Carl Rogers developed a questionnaire that asked people to describe themselves both as they _____ and as they _____.
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would ideally like to be; actually are
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Some humanistic psychologists feel that questionnaires are _____ and prefer to use _____ to assess personality.
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de-humanizing; interviews
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Humanistic psychologists have influenced such diverse areas as _____. They have also had a major impact on today's _____, perhaps because the emphasis on the individual self strongly reflects _____ cultural values.
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counseling, education, child-rearing, and management; popular ("pop"); Western
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Research has shown that most people tend to have _____ self-esteem.
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high
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_____ developed trait theory, which defines personality in terms of people's characteristic _____ and _____.
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Gordon Allport; behaviors; conscious motives
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Unlike Freud, _____ was generally less interested in _____ individual traits than in _____ them.
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Allport; explaining; describing
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The ancient Greeks classified people according to _____: _____, or depressed; _____, or cheerful; _____, or unemotional; and _____, or irritable.
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Hippocrates' four humors: melancholic; sanguine; phlegmatic; choleric
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The _____ classifies people according to _____ personality types. Although recently criticized for its lack of predictive value, this test has been widely used in _____.
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI); Carl Jung's; business and career counseling.
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