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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions (1 of 2) |
carry O2 and CO2 btwn tissues and lungs
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Functions (2 of 2) |
-carry nutrients & wastes to and from tissues |
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Main Components |
plasma formed elements erythrocytes platelets leukocytes
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plasma |
-liquid part of blood
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serum |
-plasma minus clotting elements
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erythrocytes |
-red blood cells (RBC’s)
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platelets |
-are cell fragments
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leukocytes
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white blood cells (WBC’s)
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granulocytes |
eosinophils: bi-lobed nucleus, red-stained granules in cytoplasm
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Osmolarity of blood |
number of particles |
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osmosis |
H2O moves from hi to lo conc. of H2O
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hypotonic |
a hypotonic solution has fewer particles, or is more dilute
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hypertonic |
a hypertonic solution has more particles, or is less dilute
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osmolarity in blood controlled by |
-electrolytes (such as Na+, K+)
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plasma protein deficiency
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-protein starvation in diet |
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plasma protein deficiency effects |
-blood osmolarity drops
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ABO Group
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blood type derived from antigens on RBC’s.
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blood type/Antigen |
A has A antigen; type B has B antigen; type O has neither antigen; type AB has both A and B antigens
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body makes antibodies to the antigens not present on the RBC’s
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antibodies are in the plasma
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blood |
-type A has anti-B antibodies only |
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universal donor/recipient |
-type O is universal donor |
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agglutination |
seen if antibodies react with antigens
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coagulation |
not the same as coagulation, which is due to clotting factors
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agglutinins |
antibodies also called agglutinins |
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agglutinogens |
antigens also called agglutinogens |
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Rh Group |
Rh plus has Rh antigen on RBC’s Rh minus individual has no Rh antigen and will make anti-Rh antibodies -important in blood transfusions and in pregnancy
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HDN (hemolytic disease of the newborn) |
prevented by giving mother RhoGam
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Blood Cell Production |
hemopoiesis myeloid hemopoiesis lymphoid hemopoiesis hemocytoblasts
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hemopoiesis |
(aka hematopoiesis) = blood cell (formed elements) production |
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myeloid hemopoiesis |
-formation of all formed elements |
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lymphoid hemopoiesis |
-formation of lymphocytes
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hemocytoblasts |
stem cells
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Erythrocyte Production |
hemocytoblast proerythroblast erythroblast normoblast reticulocyte erythrocyte |
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erythropoiesis |
stimulated by a hormone made by liver and kidneys: erythropoietin
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1-starts as |
1-starts as hemocytoblast |
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2-becomes |
2-becomes proerythroblast
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3-becomes |
3-becomes erythroblast
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4-becomes |
4-becomes normoblast as nucleus shrinks
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5-becomes |
5-reticulocyte
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6-becomes |
6-becomes erythrocyte when ER disappears |
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Erythrocyte homeostasis |
-maintained by erythropoietin |
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-example, starting with hypoxemia (low oxygen in blood): |
hypoxemia -> liver & kidneys increase erythropoietin secretion -> stimulates red bone marrow -> increased RBC production -> increased oxygen transport
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causes of hypoxemia:
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blood loss, high altitude, sudden exercise
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Polycythemia |
-too many RBC’s |
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Leukocyte production
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granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit T progenitor CSFs
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1) granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units become |
-become monocytes & granulocytes (eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils) |
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2) T progenitor |
2) T progenitor (become T lymphocytes) |
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3) B progenitor |
3) B progenitor (become B lymphocytes) |
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all 3 committed cell types have receptors for CSFs
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-CSFs secreted by mature lymphocytes & macrophages |
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each CSF stimulates a different type of WBC
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-bacterial infection produces neutrophils |
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Platelet Production |
thrombopoiesis -platelets used to be called thrombocytes
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Platelet Production steps |
thrombopoietin megakaryoblast megakaryocyte & 4th step
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1-hemocytoblast |
1-hemocytoblast develops receptors for thrombopoietin
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2-with receptors |
2-with receptors, now called megakaryoblast
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3-megakaryocyte |
3-megakaryocyte
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4-platelets circulate i |
4-platelets circulate in blood; some stored in spleen until needed |
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polycythemia |
too many RBCs |
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anemia (too few RBCs)
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1) inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin production
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iron-deficiency anemia
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hemoglobin contains iron
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pernicious anemia |
vitamin B12 deficiency (plentiful in meat) not enough int. fac. can be hereditary; also commonly occurs with old age
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hypoplastic anemia |
hypoplastic anemia = decrease in erythropoiesis |
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aplastic anemia = |
complete cessation of erythropoiesis |
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medical consequences of anemia:
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1-hypoxia of tissues (low oxygen) |