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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what does the telencephalon become? diencephalon? mesencehpalon? met encephalon? mylencephalon?
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- telencephalon: cerebral hemisphere
- diencephalon: thalmus & hypothalmus - mesencephalon: midbrain - metencephalon: pons - myelencephalon: medulla |
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what are the two important signaling factors for neurogenesis & gliogenesis in neural tube differentiation?
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- roof: BMPs
- ventral: SHH |
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where are microglia derived from? what do they do?
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- derived from mesoderm not ectoderm
- involved in disease response |
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what are the 4 types of macroglia and what do they do?
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- astroglia: homeostasis
- oligodendrocyte: myelin - polydendrocyte: oligodendrocyte precursor cells - ependymal cells: form ventricles produce CSF |
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what is the order of neurogenesis cells during development? what kind of signaling are they dependent on?
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- neurons --> astrocytes --> oligodendrocytes
- dependent on intrinsic signaling & extrinsic growth factors |
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what does the radial glial cell do?
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- early differentiated neurons migrate out and make the radial glial cell
- radial glial cells are progenitors for making oligodendocytes & astrocytes |
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what happens to the neuron as it migrates out further from the ventricular zone on the radial glial fiber?
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- it becomes more differentiated and more mature
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what does H&E vs nissl staining show you? what do you see with degeneration?
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- H&E shows you the cytoplasm & nucleus
- Nissl shows you the rER & RNA granules - see chromatolytic changes with degeneration |
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what does a Weil's stain look at?
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- myelin
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what does a Golgi & Cajal (silver) stain look at?
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- axons/dendrites
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what does silver staining look for (Nauta, Fink-Heimer)?
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- degenerating cells
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where are pyramidal cells important & what do they look like?
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- they are important in the hippocampus
- they have basal dendrite feeding back to the somite & they have apical branches feeding back to the other dendrites |
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what is a dendritic spine?
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- little projections off of the dendrite that is often the site of synaptic signaling
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what are fibrous vs protoplasmic asrocytes?
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- fibrous: simplified processes & more common in white matter
- protoplasmic: lots of processes, seen in grey matter |
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what is interesting about the astrocytic AP?
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- it is Ca dependent
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where are astrocytes located?
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- inbetween the capillaries & the neurons
- take up nutrients from the capillaries that can be transported into the neurons |
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what is the glutamate-glutamine cycle?
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- release of glutamate taken into astrocytes --> converted by glutamine synthetase to glutamine --> sent into neuron & converted to glutamate via glutaminase
- then glutamate is packaged into vesicles for next release |
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what is the tripartite synapse referring to?
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- astrocytes might also have receptors for NTs such as glutamate
- there are pre & post & perisynpatic responses |
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who forms glial scars?
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- astrocytes will form these to stop things from spreading, release cytokines to induce microglial response
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who is responsible for phagocytosis of amyloid plaques and other things in the brain?
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- microglial cells
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who are microglial cells derived from?
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- circulating monocytes
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what is needed to induce activation of a synapse?
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- astrocytes
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