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264 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bruit |
blowing, swooshing sound heard through the stethescope over an area of abnormal blood flow
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Goiter
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increase in size of thyroid gland that occurs with hyperthyroidism |
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Lymphadenopathy
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enlargement of the lymph nodes due to infection, allergy, or neoplasm
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Marcrocephalic
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abnormally large head
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Microcephalic
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abnormally small head
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Normocephalic
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round symmetric skull that is appropriately related to body size
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Torticollis
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head tilt due to shortening or spasm of one sternomastoid muscle
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Accommodation
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adaptation of the eye for near vision by increasing the curvature of the lens
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Anisocoria
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unequal pupil size`
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Arcus senilis
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gray-white arc or circle around the limbus of the iris that is common with aging
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Argyll Robertson pupil
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pupil does not react to light; does consist with accommodation |
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Astigmatism
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refractive error of vision due to differences in curvature in refractive surfaces of the eye (cornea and lens)
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A-V crossing
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crossing paths of an artery and vein in the ocular fundus
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Bitemporal hemianopsia
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loss of both temporal visual fields
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Blepharitis
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inflammation of the glands and eyelash follicles along the margin of the eyelids
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Cataract
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opacity of the lens of the eye that develops slowly with aging and gradually obstructs vision
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Chalazion
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infection or retention cyst of a meibomian gland, showing as a beady nodule on the eyelid
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Conjunctivitis
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infection of the conjuctiva, "pinkeye"
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Cotton-wool area
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abnormal soft exudates visible as gray-white areas on the ocular fundus
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Cup-disc ratio
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ratio of the width of the physiologic cup to the width of the optic disc, normally 1/2 or less
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Diopter
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unit of strength of the lens settings on the opthalmoscope that changes focus on the eye structures
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Diplopia
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double vision
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Drusen
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benign doposits on the ocular fundus that show as round yellow dots and occur commonly with aging
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Ectropion
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lower eyelid loose and rolling outward
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Exopthalmos
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protruding eyeball
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Fovea
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area of keenest vision at the center of the macula on the ocular fundus
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Glaucoma
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a group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraoclular pressure
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Hordeolum
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(stye) red, painful pustule that is a localized infection of hair follicle at eyelid margin
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Lid lag
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the abnormal white rim of sclera visible between the upper eyelid and the iris when a person moves the eyes downward
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Macula
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round darder area of the ocular fundus that mediates vision only from the central visual field
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Microaneurysm
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abnormal finding fo round red dots on the ocular fundus that are localized dilatations of small vessels |
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Miosis
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constricted pupils
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Mydriasis
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dilated pupils
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Myopia
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"nearsighted"; refractive error in which near vision is better than far vision
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Nystagmus
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involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball
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OD
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oculus dexter, or right eye
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Entropion
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lower eyelid rolling inward
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Optic atrophy
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pallor of the optic disc due to partial or complete death of optic nerve
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Optic disc
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area of ocular fundus in which blood vessels exit and enter
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OS
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ocular sinister, or left eye
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Papilledema
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stasis of blood flow out of the ocular fundus; sign of increased intracranial pressure
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Presbyopia
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decrease in power of accomodation that occurs with aging
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Pterygium
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triangular opaque tissue on the nasal side of the conjunctiva that grows toward the center of the cornea
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Ptosis
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drooping of upper eyelid over the iris and possibly covering pupil
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Red reflex
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red glow that appears to fill the person's pupil when first visulized through the opthalmoscope
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Strabismus
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(squint, crossed eye) disparity of the eye axes
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Xanthelasma
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soft, raised yellow plaques occurring on the skin at the inner corners of the eye
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Annulus
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outer fibrous rim encircling the eardrum
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Atresia
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congenital absence or closure of ear canal
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Cerumen
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yellow waxy material that lubricates and protects the ear canal
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Cochlea
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inner ear structure containing the central hearing apparatus
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Eustachian tube
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connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx and allows passage of air
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Helix
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superior, posterior free rim of the pinna
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Incus
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"anvil," middle of the 3 ossicles of the middle ear
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Malleus
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"hammer," first of the 3 ossicles of the middle ear
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Mastoid
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bony prominence of the skull located just behind the ear
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Organ of Corti
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sensory organ of hearing
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Otalgia
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pain in the ear
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Otitis externa
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inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal
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Otorrhea
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discharge from the ear
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Pars flaccida
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small, slack, superior section of tympanic membrane
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Pars tensa
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thick, taut, central/inferior section of typmanic membrane
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Pinna
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auricle, or outer ear
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Stapes
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"stirrup," inner of the 3 ossicles of the middle ear
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Tinnitus
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ringing in the ears
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Tympanic membrane
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"eardrum," thin, translucent, oval membrane that stretches across the ear canal and separtes the middle ear from the outer ear
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Umbo
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knob of the malleus that shows through the tympanic membrane
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Vertigo
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a spinning, twirling sensation
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Aphthous ulcers
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"cranker sores" -- small, painful, round ulcers in the oral mucosa of unknown cause
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Buccal
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pertaining to the cheek
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Candidiasis
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(moniliasis) white, cheesy, curdlike patch on buccal mucosa due to superficial fungal infection
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Caries
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decay in the teeth
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Crypts
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indentations on surface of tonsils
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Cheilitis
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red, scaling, shallow, painful fissures at corners of mouth
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Choanal atresia
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closure of nasal cavity due to congenital septum between nasal cavity and pharynx
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Epistaxis
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nosebleed, usually from anterior septum
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Epulis
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nontender, fibrous nodule of the gum
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Fordyce's granules
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small, isolated, white or yellow papules on oral mucousa |
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Gingivitis
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red swallen gum margins that bleed easily
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Herpes simplex
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"cold sores" -- clear vesicles with red base, which evolve into pustules, usually at lip-skin junction
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Koplik's spots
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small, blue-white spots with red halo over oral mucosa; early sign of measles
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Leukoplakia
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chalky white, thick raised patch on sides of tongue; precancerous
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Malocclusion
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upper or lower dental arches out of alignment
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Papillae
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rough bumpy elevation on dorsal surface of tongue
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Parotid glands
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pair of salivary glands in the cheeks in front of the ears
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Pharyngitis
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inflammation of the throat
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Plaque
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soft whitish debris on teeth |
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Polyp
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smooth, pale gray nodules in the nasal cavity due to chronic allergic rhinitis
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Rhinitis
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red swollen inflammation of nasal mucosa
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Thrush
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oral candidiasis in the newborn
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Turbinate
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one of 3 bony projections into nasal cavity
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Uvula
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free projections hanging down from the middle of the soft palate
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Chapter 13: Head and Neck, Including Regional Lymphatics
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1-7
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Chapter 14: Eyes
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1-40
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Chapter 15: Ears
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1-22
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Chapter 16: Nose, Mouth, and Throat
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1-24 |
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Abstract reasoning
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Pondering a deeper meaning beyond the concrete and literal
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Attention
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Concentration, ability to focus on one specific thing
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Consciousness
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Being aware of one's own existence, feelings, and thoughts and being aware of the environment
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Language
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Using the voice to communicate one's thoughts and feelings
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Memory
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Ability to lay down and store experiences and perceptions for later recall
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Mood
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Prolonged display of a person's feelings
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Orientation
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Awareness of the objective world in relation to the self
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Perceptions
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Awareness of objects through any of the five senses
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Thought content
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What the person thinks -- specific ideas, beliefs, the use of words
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Thought process
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The way a person thinks, the logical train of thought
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Chapter 7: Mental Status Assessment
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1-10
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Chapter 23: Neurologic System
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1-36
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Agnosis
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Loss of ability to recognize importance of sensory impressions
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Agraphia
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Loss of ability to express thoughts in writing
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Amnesia
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Loss of memory
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Anaglesia
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Loss of pain sensation
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Aphasia
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Loss of power to expression by speech, writing, or signs, or of comprehesion of spoken or written language
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Apraxia
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Loss of ability to perform purposeful movements in the absence of sensory or motor damage
eg: inability to use objects correctly |
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Ataxia
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Inability to perform coordinated movements
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Athetosis
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Bizarre, slow, twisting, writhing movement, resembling a snake or worm
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Chorea
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Sudden, rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving limbs, trunk, or face
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Clonus
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Rapidly alternating involuntary contraction and relaxation of a muscle in response to sudden stretch
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Coma
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State of profound unconsciousness from which person cannot be aroused
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Decerebrate rigidity
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Arms stiffly extended, adducted, internally rotated; legs stiffly extended, plantar flexed
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Decorticate rigidity
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Arms adducted and flexed, wrists and fingers flexed; legs extended, internally rotated, plantar flexed
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Dysarthria
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Imperfect articulation of speech due to problems of muscular control resulting from central or peripheral nervous system damage
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Dysphasia
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Impairment in speech consisting of lack of coordination and inability to arrange words in their proper order
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Extinction
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Disapperance of conditoned response
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Fasciculation
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Rapid continuous twitching of resting muscle without movement of limb |
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Flaccidity
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Loss of muscle tone, limp
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Graphesthesia
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Ability to "read" a number by having it traced on the skin
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Hemiplegia
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Loss of motor power (paralysis) on one side of the body, usually caused by a cerebral vaacular accident; paralysis occurs on the side opposite the lesion
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Lower motor neuron
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Motor neuron in the peripheral nervous system with its nerve fiber extending out to the muscle and only its cell body in the central nervous system
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Myoclonus
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Rapid sudden jerk of a muscle
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Nuchal rigidity
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Stiffness in cervical neck area
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Nystagmus
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Back-and-forth oscillation of the eyes
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Opisthotonos
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Prolonged arching of back, with head and heels bent backward, and meningeal irritation
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Paralysis
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Decreased or loss of motor function due to problem with motor nerve or muscle fiber |
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Paraplegia
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Impairment or loss of motor and/or sensory function in the lower half of the body
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Paresthesia
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Abnormal sensation, i.e., burning, numbness, tingling, prickling, crawling skin sensaton
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Point localization
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Ability of the process to discriminate exactly where on the body the skin has been touched
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Proprioception
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Sensory information concerning body movements and position of the body in space
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Spasticity
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Continous resistance to streching by a muscle due to abnormally increased tension, with increased deep tendon reflexes
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Stereognosis
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Ability to recognize objects by feeling their forms, sizes, and weights while the eyes are closed
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Tic
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Repetitive twitching of the muscle group at inappropriate tiems, e.g., wink, grimace
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Tremor
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Involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups resulting in rhythmic movement of one or more joints
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Two-point descrimination
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Ability to distinguish the separation of two simultaneous pin pricks on the skin
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Upper motor neuron
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Nerve located entirely within the central nervous system
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Alveoli
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Functional units of the lung; the thin-walled chambers surrounded |
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Angle of Louis
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Manubriosternal angle, the articulation of the manubrium and body of the sternum, continuous with the second rib
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Apnea
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Cessation of breathing
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Asthma
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An abnormal respiratory condition associated with allergic hypersensitivity to certain inhaled allergens, characterized by bronchospasm, wheezing, and dyspnea
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Atelectasis
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An abnormal respiratory condition characterized by collapsed, shrunken, deflated section of
alveoli |
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Bradypnea
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Slow breathing, <10 breaths per minutes, regular rate
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Bronchiole
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One of the smaller respiratory passageways into which the segmental bronchi divide
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Bronchitis
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Inflammation of the bronchi with partial obstruction of bronchi due to excessive mucus secretion |
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Bronchophony
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The spoken voice sound heard through the stethoscope, which sounds soft, muffled, and indistinct over normal lung
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Bronchovesicular
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The normal breath sound heard over major bronchi, characterized by moderate pitch and an equal duration of inspiration and expiration
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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A functional category of abnormal respiratory conditions characterized by airflow obstruction, e.g., emphysema, chronic bronchitis
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Cilia
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Millions of hairlike cells lining the tracheobronchial tree
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Consolidation
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The solidification of portions of lung tissue as it fills up with infectious exudates, as in pneumonia
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Crackles
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(rales) abnormal, discontinuous, adventitious lung sounds heard on inspiration
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Crepitus
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Coarse crackling sensation palpable over the skin when air abnormally escapes from the lung and enters the subcutaneous tissue
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Dead space
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Passageways that transport air but are not available for gaseous exchange, e.g., trachea and bronchi
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Dyspnea
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Difficult, labored breathing
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Egophony
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The voice sound of “eeeee” heard through the stethoscope
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Emphysema
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The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement of alveoli distal to terminal bronchioles |
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Fissure
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The narrow crack dividing the lobes of the lungs
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Fremitus
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A palpable vibration from the spoken voice felt over the chest wall
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Friction rub
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A coarse, grating, adventitious lung sound heard when the pleurae are inflamed
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Hypercapnia
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(hypercarbia) increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
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Hyperventilation
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Increased rate and depth of breathing
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Hypoxemia
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Decreased level of oxygen in the blood
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Intercostal space
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Space between the ribs
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Kussmaul’s respiration
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A type of hyperventilation that occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis
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Orthopnea
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Ability to breathe easily only in an upright position
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Paroxysmal nocturnal
dyspnea |
Sudden awakening from sleeping with shortness of breath
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Percussion
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Striking over the chest wall with short sharp blows of the fingers in order to determine the size and density of the underlying organ
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Pleural effusion
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Abnormal fluid between the layers of the pleura
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Rhonchi
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Low-pitched, musical, snoring, adventitious lung sound caused by airflow obstruction from secretions
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Tachypnea
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Rapid shallow breathing, >24 breaths per minute
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Vesicular
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The soft, low-pitched, normal breath sounds heard over peripheral lung fields
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Vital capacity
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The amount of air, following maximal inspiration, that can be exhaled
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Wheeze
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High-pitched, musical, squeaking adventitious lung sound
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Whispered pectoriloquy
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A whispered phrase heard through the stethoscope that sounds faint and inaudible over normal lung tissue
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Xiphoid process
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Sword-shaped lower tip of the sternum
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Angina pectoris
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Acute chest pain that occurs when myocardial demand exceeds its oxygen supply
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Aortic regurgitation
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(aortic insufficiency) incompetent aortic valve that allows backward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole
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Aortic stenosis
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Calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during systole
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Aortic valve
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The left semilunar valve separating the left ventricle and the aorta
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Apex of the heart
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Tip of the heart pointing down toward the 5th left intercostals space
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Apical impulse
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(point of maximal impulse, PMI) pulsation created as left ventricle rotates against the chest wall during systole, normally at the 5th left intercostals space in the midclavicular line
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Base of the heart
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Broader area of heart’s outline located at the 3rd right and left intercostals space
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Bell (of the stethoscope)
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Cup-shaped endpiece used for soft, low-pitched heart sounds |
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Bradycardia
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Slow heart rate, <50 beats per minute in the adult
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Clubbing
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Bulbous enlargement of distal phalanges of fingers and toes that occurs with chronic cyanotic heart and lung conditions
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Coarctation of aorta
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Severe narrowing of the descending aorta, a congenital heart defect
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Cor pulmonale
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Right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
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Cyanosis
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Dusky blue mottling of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive amount of reduced hemoglobin in the blood
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Diaphragm (of the stethoscope)
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Flat endpiece of the stethoscope used for hearing relatively high-pitched heart sounds
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Diastole
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The heart’s filling phase
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Dyspnea
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Difficult, labored breathing
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Edema
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Swelling of legs or dependent body part due to increased interstitial fluid
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Erb’s point
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Traditional auscultatory area in the 3rd left intercostals space
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First heart sound (S1)
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Occurs with closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves signaling the beginning of systole
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Fourth heart sound (S4)
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(S4 gallop; atrial gallop) very soft, low-pitched, ventricular filling sound that occurs in late diastole
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Gallop rhythm
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The addition of a 3rd or a 4th heart sound makes the rhythm sound like the cadence of a galloping horse
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Inching
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Technique of moving the stethoscope incrementally across the precordium through the auscultatory areas while listening to the heart sounds
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Bell (of the stethoscope)
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Cup-shaped endpiece used for soft, low-pitched heart sounds
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Bradycardia
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Slow heart rate, <50 beats per minute in the adult
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Clubbing
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Bulbous enlargement of distal phalanges of fingers and toes that occurs with chronic cyanotic heart and lung conditions
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Coarctation of aorta
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Severe narrowing of the descending aorta, a congenital heart defect
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Cor pulmonale
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Right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
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Cyanosis
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Dusky blue mottling of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive amount of reduced hemoglobin in the blood
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Diaphragm (of the stethoscope)
|
Flat endpiece of the stethoscope used for hearing relatively high-pitched heart sounds
|
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Diastole
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The heart’s filling phase
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Dyspnea
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Difficult, labored breathing
|
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Edema
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Swelling of legs or dependent body part due to increased interstitial fluid
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Erb’s point
|
Traditional auscultatory area in the 3rd left intercostals space
|
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First heart sound (S1)
|
Occurs with closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves signaling the beginning of systole
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Fourth heart sound (S4)
|
(S4 gallop; atrial gallop) very soft, low-pitched, ventricular filling sound that occurs in late diastole
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Gallop rhythm
|
The addition of a 3rd or a 4th heart sound makes the rhythm sound like the cadence of a galloping horse
|
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Inching
|
Technique of moving the stethoscope incrementally across the precordium through the auscultatory areas while listening to the heart sounds
|
|
LVH (left ventricular hypertrophy)
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Increase in thickness of myocardial wall that occurs when the heart pumps against chronic outflow obstruction, e.g., aortic stenosis
|
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MCL (midclavicular line)
|
Imaginary vertical line bisecting the middle of the clavicle in each hemithorax
|
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Mitral regurgitation
|
(mitral insufficiency) incompetent mitral valve allows regurgitation of blood back into left atrium during systole
|
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Mitral stenosis
|
Calcified mitral valve impedes forward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole
|
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Mitral valve
|
Left AV valve separating the left atria and ventricle
|
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Palpitation
|
Uncomfortable awareness of rapid or irregular heart rate
|
|
Paradoxical splitting
|
Opposite of a normal split S2 so that the split is heard in expiration, and in inspiration the sounds fuse to one sound
|
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Pericardial friction rub
|
High-pitched scratchy extracardiac sound heard when the precordium is inflamed
|
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Physiologic splitting
|
Normal variation in S2 heard as two separate components during inspiration
|
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Precordium
|
Area of the chest wall overlying the heart and great vessels
|
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Pulmonic regurgitation
|
(pulmonic insufficiency) backflow of blood through incompetent pulmonic valve into the right ventricle
|
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Pulmonic stenosis
|
Calcification of pulmonic valve that restricts forward flow of blood during systole
|
|
Pulmonic valve
|
Right semilunar valve separating the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
|
|
Second heart sound (S2)
|
Occurs with closure of the semilunar valves, aortic and pulmonic, and signals the end of systole
|
|
Summation gallop
|
Abnormal mid-diastolic heart sound heard when both the pathologic S3 and S4 are present
|
|
Syncope
|
Temporary loss of consciousness due to decreased cerebral blood
flow (fainting), caused by ventricular asystole, pronounced bradycardia, or ventricular fibrillation |
|
Systole
|
The heart’s pumping phase
|
|
Tachycardia
|
Rapid heart rate, > 100 beats per minute in the adult
|
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Third heart sound (S3)
|
Soft, low-pitched, ventricular filling sound that occurs in early diastole (S3 gallop) and may be an early sign of heart failure
|
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Thrill
|
Palpable vibration on the chest wall accompanying severe heart murmur
|
|
Tricuspid valve
|
Right AV valve separating the right atria and ventricle
|
|
Diastole
|
The heart’s filling phase
|
|
Allen test
|
Determining the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries by compressing one artery site and observing return of skin color as evidence of patency of the
other artery |
|
Aneurysm
|
Defect or sac formed by dilation in artery wall due to atherosclerosis, trauma, or congenital defect
|
|
Arrhythmia
|
Variation from the heart’s normal rhythm
|
|
Arteriosclerosis
|
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls
|
|
Atherosclerosis
|
Plaques of fatty deposits formed in the inlaye (intima) of the arteries
|
|
Bradycardia
|
Slow heart rate, <50 beats per minute in the adult
|
|
Bruit
|
Blowing, swooshing sound heard through a stethoscope when an artery is partially occluded |
|
Cyanosis
|
Dusky blue mottling of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive amount of reduced hemoglobin in the blood
|
|
Homan’s sign
|
Calf pain that occurs when the foot is sharply dorsiflexed (pushed up, toward the knee); may occur with deep vein thrombosis, phlebitis, Achilles tendonitis, or muscle injury
|
|
Ischemia
|
Deficiency of arterial blood to a body part, due to constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel
|
|
Lymphedema
|
Swelling of extremity due to obstructed lymph channel, nonpitting
|
|
Lymph nodes
|
Small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at grouped intervals along lymphatic vessels
|
|
Pitting edema
|
Indention left after examiner depresses the skin over swollen edematous tissue
|
|
Profile sign
|
Viewing the finger from the side in order to detect early clubbing
|
|
Pulse
|
Pressure wave created by each heartbeat, palpable at body sites where the artery lies close to the skin and over a bone
|
|
Pulsus alternans
|
Regular rhythm, but force of pulse varies with alternating beats of large and small amplitude |
|
Pulsus bigeminus
|
Irregular rhythm, every other beat is premature; premature beats have weakened amplitude
|
|
Pulsus paradoxus
|
Beats have weaker amplitude with respiratory inspiration, stronger
with expiration |
|
Systole
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The heart’s pumping phase
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Tachycardia
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Rapid heart rate, >100 beats per minute in the adult
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Thrombophlebitis
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Inflammation of the vein associated with thrombus formation
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Varicose vein
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Dilated tortuous veins with incompetent valves
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Ulcer
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Open skin lesion extending into dermis with sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue
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