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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
LEARNING bandura |
observational learning; children bobo doll study |
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skinner |
operant conditioning (reinforcement/punishment); rats |
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pavlov |
classical conditioning (trigger association); dogs |
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classical conditioning
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unconditioned stimulus (smell of food)
unconditioned response (salivating)
conditioned stimulus (bell)
conditioned response (salivating to bell) |
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generalization |
the conditioned response 'spreads' to similar stimuli; EX different bells like at the school where the dog study was held
discrimination - conditioned response is restricted to certain stimuli |
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acquisition ; extinction |
form a new CR ; banish a CR (spontaneous recovery - CR spontaneously returns after extinction and non exposure) |
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higher-order conditioning |
when a neutral stimulus triggers a conditioned response |
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continuous reinforcement schedule |
reward or punishment after every time
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operant conditioning
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learning by reward or punishment
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primary reinforcement |
comfortable temp, food, attention (biological) |
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secondary reinforcement |
a college degree, money, etc |
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shaping
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reward small approximations of a behavior; ex reward mouse when getting closer to lever |
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positive and negative reinforcement |
positive means adding or giving; negative means removing or taking away; NOT emotionally + or - |
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intermittent reinforcement schedule |
not giving reinforcement every time task is completed; better method because will only work for reward
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criteria for observational learning
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attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
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instinctive drift |
when instinctual responses slowly over power the trained response; EX dog shaking head when killing prey |
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conditioned taste aversion |
when a person gets a taste in their mouth connecting an experience with the taste; IE too much mild duds made yack so now get nasty taste |
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MEMORY personal relevance in memory |
semantic; highest form of processing; making something connect with a personal experience etc |
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three kinds of processing |
encoding (phonetic - sound of word, semantic - meaning, structural - of word)
storage
retrieval |
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false memory: schemas |
generic concept of something; EX said words that related to sleep, but sleep was not actually said; EX people in movie going in and out of restaurant we assumed paid... flashbulb memory: vivid remembrance of story of memory as opposed to event itself |
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serial effects |
primacy and recency effects make remember words in begining of list and end |
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3 types of memory: sensory memory |
couple seconds of memory right after heard, felt, etc |
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working memory |
limited, magic 7 (people generally limited to 7 pieces of memory at a time), 20 seconds |
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long term memory |
• long term memory: unlimited in space (might not be able to retrieve it, but the memory is still there) |
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retroactive amnesia |
losing memories after a traumatic experience (old memories) ; repressed: forgotten because it was so traumatic so it was ignored a lot; dissociative - severe amnesia of past |
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anterograde (proactive) amnesia |
cant remember events AFTER an accident/trauma (new memories) ; organic - affects learning/memories |
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implicit memory |
previous experiences aid in the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences; procedural memory is this |
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explicit memory |
conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information; EX used to remember an appt |
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declarative memory |
stores facts; 'textbook learning'; more subject to forgetting; methods: spaced repetition, mnemonic and active recall
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procedural memory
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unconsciously remembering the order of which a task was completed
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semantic memory |
thinking of what something means; highest form of processing;
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episodic memory |
personal experiences that we can recall that connect the new thing learned |
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State dependency |
mood level of consciousness context
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7 DEADLY SINS: absent mindedness; transience; blocking; misattribution; suggestibility; bias; |
break in working memory, EX in room forget y; info fades after non use; trying to remember how song goes while listening to another song; when we confuse how we acquired the info; false memories; opinions create what we expect to see |
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PROBLEM SOLVING What throws us off? functional fixedness |
bias that stops a person from using something ohter than the way it is traditionally used |
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irrelevant information |
often throw you off because you are over thinking the irrelevant info; scisors matchbook cotton example |
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mental set |
using a way that worked before even though there may be an easier way |
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unnecessary constraints |
the box around the 6 circles; could go over the lines |
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6 approaches to problem solving |
trial and error; heuristics - 'rules of thumb'; forming subgroups - breaking down into small problems; working backwards; search for analogies - solutions that worked before; change the representation - graphs, drawings... |
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risky decision making factors |
objective value (what condo will actually cost) |
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availability bias |
tend to estimate probability of the event by the ease at which is comes to mind |
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representativeness bias |
coin toss example: always 50% chance
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ignoring base rates |
salesperson/librarian example: so many more salespeople than librarians no matter what the person is described as
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the conjunction fallacy |
Probability of one uncertain event is greater than the chance of two happening at the same time |
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the gambler's fallacy |
roulette table example: the chance is 50% every time no matter how many times in a row one color is hit
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ignoring sample size |
the more there are in a sample, the better the data.
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LANGUAGE skinner and language |
acquired language through imitation and reinforcement; ex: baby gets rewarded for saying mommy for 1st time
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chomski |
nativists; innate language acquisition device; we create original sentences when we speak, so it cant just be immitation; over regulizations - ex: how kids speak more proper before going to school than when they start learning all the rules and exceptions
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criteria for language |
symbol - has to have symbols that have meaning; structure - laws of how to arrange words; infinitely generative - no limit that you can create and combine |
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phonemes
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smallest unit of sound; ex: buh-oy-z has 3
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morphomes |
smallest unit of meaning; EX: 2 in boy - a young male and then plural |
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syntax |
structure of language; ex: the boys cried. 3 words, 5 morphemes, 9 phonemes |
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vocabulary spurt
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average is 18 months; can take between 12-20 months |
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holophrases
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expressing a phrase with one sincle word; ex: baby saying up to someone to pick them up |
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telegraphic speech |
usually just nouns and verbs to signify the whole sentence; ex: doggy eat |
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whole sentences
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full sentence; ex: the doggy is eating
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metaliguistic awareness |
awareness of the use of words; you can reflect on how the language is used; understand a pun |
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three theories of language acquisition |
behaviorists (skinner) - imitation, reinforcement; nativists (chomski) - "device", natural; interactionists - combination of both;
linguistic relativity (whorf) - noticed that in some languages they have words scripted that other languages dont have words for; snow example (100 in Alaska)
framing - people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on whether it is presented as a loss or gain
semantic slanting - crafting words to your advantage |
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do animals exhibit language? |
communicate: yes; language: no; symbolic: yes; infinitely generative: no; structured: no |
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SLEEP resetting bio clock |
retina detects light then sends message to hypothalamus then pineal gland releases melatonin which adjusts bio clock |
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sleep cycles |
awake - beta (lo v hi f)
drowsy - alpha
stage 1 - theta, few minutes
stage 2 - theta/delta, spindles, mixed waves, (about 20 min)
stage 3 & 4 - delta (hi v lo f) (about 30 min), sleep walking
REM - (lo v hi f), dreaming |
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3 functions of sleep |
protective; restorative; growth |
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sleep disorders
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insomnia narcolepsy - falling asleep sleep apnea - intermittent stopping of breathing, followed by gasping |
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3 theories of dreaming |
wish fulfillment (freud) –Manifest content (what you see on surface) –Latent content (what it really symbolizes)
info processing (Cartwright) - REM, meaningful
activation synthesis (Hobson & McCarley) - random neuron firing, meaningless |