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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
average human has how much blood |
4-6 L |
|
plasma is what % of blood |
50-55 |
|
blood cells is what % of blood |
45-50 |
|
nitrogenous substances (5) |
urea, uric acid, xanthine, creatinine, amino acids |
|
what % water in plasma |
91-92 |
|
term for formation of blood cells |
hematopoiesis |
|
all normal blood cells thought to derive from |
single pluripotent stem cell with mitotic capability |
|
3 types of RBC |
immature RBC, reticulocyte, mature RBC |
|
immature RBC |
nucleated |
|
reticulocyte |
RBC that still have their endoplasmic reticulum |
|
RBC last how long |
120 days |
|
how do RBC die |
by squeezing through capillary |
|
most RBC break where |
spleen |
|
broken RBC creates |
unconjugated bilirubin |
|
major component of RBC is |
hgb |
|
how many types of hgb |
300 |
|
hgb A |
normal |
|
hgb S |
sickle cell disease |
|
hgb A1C |
copmliance with dm diet |
|
RBC outer cells contains |
blood group antigens A and B and the Rh factor |
|
hgb is a |
protein |
|
heme is a |
large flat iron-protoporphyrin disk |
|
hgb is "saturated" when |
all four heme sites are carrying o2 |
|
the rate at which hgb is synthesized depends |
on the availability of iron |
|
iron absorbed in duodenum and transported through plasma by what to where |
transferrin to the transferrin iron receptors on the red cell membrane |
|
iron and red cell membrane engulfed into |
RBC |
|
after RBC engulfment, iron is then what and stored as what or used to what |
released and stored as ferritin or used to synthesize heme |
|
normal RBC development requires |
adequate supplies of protein, vitamins, and minerals |
|
specific vitamins for erythropoiesis |
folate, b12 |
|
abnormal erythrocytes are called |
megaloblasts |
|
erythropoiesis governed mostly by |
tissue oxygen needs |
|
what is main stimulus for RBC production that does not directly act on bone marrow |
hypoxia |
|
hypoxia sensed where |
kidneys |
|
how long does it take RBC to mature and be released |
5 days |
|
globin does what after hgb is phagocytosed and reduced to globin and heme |
globin reenters amino acid pool |
|
iron is what RBC dies |
recycled - brought to bone marrow or liver |
|
bilirubin is a |
toxic substance |
|
what is required for heme production |
iron |
|
excretion of iron is |
minimal |
|
if no iron consumed for a year, body stores would decline by only |
10% |
|
majority of iron loss occurs from |
blood loss |
|
who needs more iron |
infants, pregnant, chronic blood loss |
|
8 foods high in iron |
liver, muscle meats, fish, fowl, egg yolk, beans, wheat germ, cereal grains, green leafy vegetables |
|
what is required for synthesis of DNA molecules forming RBC |
vit b12 |
|
vit b12 is large and cannot |
easily penetrate mucosa of GI tract |
|
vit b12 bound to what for absorption |
glycoprotein called intrinsic factor |
|
long standing lack of b12 leads to |
maturation failure |
|
maturation failure known as |
pernicious anemia |
|
another thing necessary for DNA synthesis and RBC maturation |
folic acid |
|
folic acid anemia is a type of |
maturation failure anemia |
|
hct measures |
packed cell volume |
|
hct is normally |
3 x hgb level |
|
look at what value only if hgb is low |
mcv |
|
mchc |
mean corpuscular hgb concentration |
|
mchc indicates |
proportion of hgb occupied |
|
mchc and mch measure |
hgb color |
|
normo/hypo/hyperchromic |
normal/pale/bright color |
|
rdw |
red cell distribution width |
|
rdw indicates |
relative amount of abn cells |
|
mpv |
mean platelet volume |
|
term for too many RBCs |
polycythemia |
|
conditions that can elevate RBC |
high altitude, physcial training |
|
polycythemia known as |
PV or polycemia vera |
|
PV results in |
whole blood viscosity |
|
causes of PV (6) |
dehydration, tumors, cushing syndrome, ESRD, hypoxemia, long term dialysis |
|
PV sns (5) |
plethora, retinal and sublingual vein engorgement, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, manifestations of vascular disease |
|
plethora |
engorged or distended blood vessels causing a ruddy color of the face, hands, feet, ears, and mucous membranes |
|
retinal vein engorgement |
blood shot eyes |
|
manifestations of vascular disease (3) |
angina, intermittent claudication, cerebral insufficiency |
|
thrombocytopenia caused by (3) |
accelerated plt destruction or consumption, defective plt production, disordered plt distribution |
|
2 types of thrombocytopenia |
idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), secondary thrombocytopenia |
|
ITP is accelerated what of plt |
destruction |
|
ITP destruction caused by |
body's own immune system |
|
acute ITP is more common in |
children |
|
chronic ITP is in |
adults |
|
patho ITP - platelets become |
coated with antibodies as result of autoimmune response |
|
patho ITP - although plt function ____ the what sees them as what |
function normally, the spleen sees them as foreign and destroys them |
|
secondary thrombocytopenia |
deficiency in plt production |
|
secondary thrombocytopenia caused by (6) |
medications, spices, infections, bone marrow disorders, chemo or radiation |
|
medications causing thrombocytopenia (10) |
thiazide, ASA, ibuprofen, NSAIDS, sulfonamides, tagamet, lasic, lanoxin, MS, heparin |
|
spices causing thrombocytopenia (5) |
ginger, cumin, turmeric, cloves, garlic |
|
thrombocytopenia sns (8) |
signs of hemorrhage, petechaie, purpura, epistaxis, menorrhagia, hematuria, GI bleed, activity intolerance |
|
thrombocytopenia GI bleed (3) |
cough is bright red blood, bleed in middle intestine tract is dark or black from bile, bleed in rectum is bright red |
|
anemia is not a dx bu a reflection of an |
underlying pathophysiologic alteration |
|
clinical manifestations of anemia depend on (5) |
rate anemia develops, age, activity level, underlying disease state, severity of anemia |
|
sudden blood loss (30% or more) results in |
symptoms of hypoxemia |
|
hypoxemia symptoms (5) |
listlessness, diaphoresis, tachycardia, SOB, rapid progression to circulatory collapse or shock |
|
what type of response to hypoxemia |
SNS |
|
symptom if anemia develops slowly |
fatigue is main complaint |
|
3 ways body adapts to slowly developed anemia |
1) increasing cardiac output, resp rate, O2 to tissues 2) increasing release of O2 by hgb 3) redistributing blood flow to vital organs |
|
one of most common signs of anemia |
pallor |
|
what is not a reliable index of anemia |
skin color |
|
where to look for color with anemia (3) |
nail beds, palms, mucous membranes |
|
4 other sns of anemia |
tachycardia, angina, dyspnea/SOB/fatigue, headache/dizziness/ringing in ears |
|
anemia angina from |
myocardial ischemia |
|
dyspnea/SOB/fatigue with anemia from |
decreased oxygen delivery |
|
headache/dizziness/ear ringing with anemia from |
decreased O2 to CNS |
|
2 ways to classify anemia |
morphology of red blood cell, etiology |
|
normocytic, normochromic anemia |
low H&H, norm MC and MCHC |
|
macrocytic normochromic anemia |
large normal color, low H&H, norm MCV and MCHC |
|
microcytic hypochromic anemia |
small pale, low H&H, low MCV and MCHC |
|
normocytic normochromic anemia from (2) |
acute blood loss, drug induced aplastic anemia |
|
macrocytic normochromic anemia results from |
interrupted synthesis of DNA, pernicious anemia |
|
interrupted synthesis of DNA in states of |
deficiency of B12 or folic acid |
|
4 etiology of anemia |
blood loss, nutritional, hemolytic, bone marrow debression |
|
nutritional etiology of anemia |
iron deficiency, B12, folic acid |
|
hemolytic etiology of anemia |
sickle cell, thalassemia, acquired hemolytic |
|
bone marrow depression etiology of anemia |
aplastic anemia |