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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the five different types of synapses?
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- Excitatory Ion Channel synapses
- Inhibitory Ion Channel synapses - Non Channel synapses - Neuromuscular junctions - Electrical synapses |
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Which section of the peripheral nervous system splits into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
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- autonomic nervous system
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What are Ion channel synapses? (5)
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- neuroreceptors that are not channels
- membrane bound enzymes - when activated by neurotransmitter, catalyze production of messenger chemical - alter the number and sensitivity of the ion channel receptors in the same cell - slow long-lasting responses |
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What are the typical neurotransmitters of Ion channel synapses? (6)
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- adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, endorphin angiotensin and acetylcholine
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What are the typical nuerotransmitters of excitatory synapses? (3)
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- acetylcholine
- glutamate - aspartate |
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What are the neurotransmitters typical of an inhibitory synapse? (2)
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- gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- glycine |
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What are the different mechanisms of action of drugs that work on the nervous system?
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- synthesis
- action potential - release of heteroreceptors - actions at receptor - breakdown of neurotransmiters - reuptake - more or less release of autoreceptors |
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What are examples of CNS stimulants?
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- caffeine
- theophylline (broncodialator, little toxic not frequenlty given anymore) - theobromine (bitter flavouring in chocolate) |
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At high doses how does amphetamine increase the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic cleft? (4 ways)
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1. Binding to the pre-synaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurons
2. Interaction with dopamine containing synaptic vesicles 3. Binding to monoamine oxidase in dopaminergic neurons 4. Binding to the dopamine re uptake transporter |
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What are the common adverse effects of CNS stimulants? (7)
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- headache, palpitations, cardiac dysrhythmias, hypertension, nervousness, nausea
- highly addictive |
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Definition of Sedative:
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- diminish activity of CNS
- lowers excitement and calms the awake patient - used to relieve anxiety |
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Define Hypnotic:
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- produces drowsiness and promotes sleep
- used for short-term treatment of insomnia |
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What is the difference between sedatives and hypnotics?
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- dosage
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What are the different types of sedatives?
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- barbituates
- benzodiazepines - herbal sedatives - nonbenzodiasepines - antihistamine |
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What are the commonly used Benzodiazepines? (trade name)
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- chlordiazerpoxide (Librium)
- diazepam (Valium) - lorazepam (ativan) |
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What are the uses of Benzodiazepines? (6)
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- generalized anxiety disorders, panic disorders, insomnia, seizures, muscle relaxation
- anxiolytic |
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What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?
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- ability to increase the action of nuerotransmitter GABA
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What are the common adverse effects of benzodiasepines? (6)
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- drowsiness, ataxia, impaired judgement, rebound insomnia, tolerance
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What are the serious adverse effects of benzodiazepines? (3)
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- CNS and respiratory depression, hypotension, coma
- (usually due to overdose) |
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Contraindications of Benzodiazepines? (7)
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- preggers, hyperactive children
- liver or kidney broken - alcohol, omeprazole - hormonal contraceptive, theophylline |
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What are barbiturates?(5)
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- drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and, by virute of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects
- mild sedation to anesthesia - also effective as anxiolytics, hypnotics and anticonvulsants - addiction potential - largely replaced by medical practice |
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What is disulfiram?
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- benzodiazepine
- used to detox from alcohol |
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What is the mechanism of action of barbiturates?
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- potenitate inhibitory GABA (A) receptors and inhibit excitatory AMPA receptors (glutamate receptor)
- Higher concentration they inhibit Ca2+ dependent release of neurotransmitters |
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How is the mechanism of action of barbiturates different from benzodiazepines?
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- effects increase duration of chloride ion channel opening at GABA "A" receptor as oposed to increased frequency of channel opening
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What are the uses of barbiturates? (4)
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- anticonvulsants
- sedative-hypnotics - insomnia - surgical anesthesia |
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What are the common adverse effects of barbiturates? (6)
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- sedation
- nausea - vomiting - constipation, diarrhea, bradycardia |
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What are the serious adverse effects of barbiturates? (4)
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- respiratory depression
- circulatory shock - renal or hepatic damage - addiction |
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What are the contraindications of barbiturates? (8)
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- familial history of porphyria
- severe respiratory or kidney disease - preggers - interact with alcohol, oral anticoagulants, corticosteriods, oral contraceptives |
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What do antiepliteptic drugs do?
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- act on sodium channels increase GABA-A receptor-mediated inhibition
- act on t-type Ca channels |
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What are the common classes of antiseizure drugs? (5)
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- hydantoins
- succinimides - benzodiazepines - barbiturates - Miscellaneous others |
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What are the important hydantoin drugs used for antiseizure purposes? (1)
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- pheytoin (dilantin)
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What are the important succinimides used as anti seizure drugs? (1)
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- ethosuximide (zarontin)
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What barbiturates are commonly used as antiseizure drugs?
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- phenobarbital (barbital)
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What are the other types of antiseizure drugs?
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- carbamazepine (tegretol)
- valproic acid (valproic acid) |