Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What was the three categories philosophy was divided into?
|
Logic, ethics and physics.
|
|
What are the two types of rational thought?
|
It is either concerned with corporeal objects or with purely abstract general rules.
|
|
How are the different categories of philosophy related to the division of rational thought?
|
Logic pertains to rational thought of the abstract kind and physics and ethics pertain to material rational thought.
|
|
What is a priori principle based philosophy termed?
|
Pure philosophy
|
|
What is the distinction between a practical rule and a moral law?
|
Practical rules are based on empiricism; whereas, moral laws are independent of empiricism and are based upon a priori principles.
|
|
What is good without limit?
|
A good will.
|
|
Why is a good will good without limit?
|
Not because of its consequences but because of its intrinsic goodness.
|
|
What does Kant say about usefullness and a good will?
|
He argues that the usefullness of a good will is entirely independent of its intrinsic worth.
|
|
What does Kant say about the nature of beings and the ends which they aim to achieve?
|
Kant argues that on principle any instrument one has is only for an end in which it is appropriate for/conducive to it.
|
|
What is the aim of reason in terms of beings?
|
To cultivate the will; not as a means to an end but as good intrinsically.
|
|
What determines the worth of our actions?
|
A good will
|
|
What is the difference between an act done in conformity with duty and act from duty?
|
An act which is done from duty is done on the principle of the maxim followed; whereas, an act done in conformity with duty is an act which coincidentially follows duty. Actions conform but are not from duty because of an inclintation, for self-interest, for example.
|
|
How do actions gain moral worth?
|
Not from inclincation but from duty.
|
|
What is duty?
|
The necessity of action from the respect of a law.
|
|
What does an action from duty involve?
|
One has to put aside one's inclinations. One should only consider the object law and one's own subject respect for the law.
|
|
What is the universability principle?
|
"I ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will my maxim should become a universal law"
|
|
What does Kant term the reason one uses to ascertain moral laws?
|
Practial reason
|
|
What is the mistake others make when interpreting what practial reason denotes/connotes?
|
That is involves experience. Kant argues that experience plays no role in ascertaining the moral worth of an action.
|
|
Who do the laws apply to?
|
All rational beings.
|
|
Are they absolute or relative?
|
They have absolute necessity.
|
|
Why, according to Kant, can't specific instances/cases be the basis of morality?
|
Examples of morality must first be measured by principles of morality in order for it to be considered as an original example.
|
|
What is the use of examples of morality?
|
As encouragement.
|
|
What does everything in nature work according to?
|
Law
|
|
What are the only things which act in accordance with laws?
|
Rational beings
|
|
What is the will?
|
Practical reason
|
|
What do all imperatives (i.e. objective principles) express?
|
An ought
|
|
Why, according to Kant, do wills not necessitate compliance with objective laws?
|
The will is constituted of a subjective element which leads to it not being an all good will.
|
|
Why are imperatives different for divine wills and holy wills?
|
The divine will necessitates compliance with imperatives; whereas, the holy will, due to its subjective constitution, does not necessitate compliance with imperatives.
|
|
What is the difference between categorical and hypothetical imperatives?
|
A hypothetical imperative subscribes actions as means to an end - the action is good only as a means to another purpose; whereas, categorical imperatives subscribe actions as ends themselves - in other words, they are intrinsically good actions.
|
|
What does an imperative do?
|
It "represents a practical rules for a will which doesn't carry out good acts automatically.
|
|
What is another term for a categorical imperative?
|
An apodictically practical principle.
|
|
What is speculative reason?
|
It is one's faculty of knowledge and is concerned with metaphysics.
|
|
What is practical reason concerned with?
|
Practical reason is the will and is concerned with moral philosophy.
|