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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is experimental ablation?
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The removal or destruction of a portion of the brain of a laboratory animal; presumably, the functions that can no longer be performed are the ones the region previously controlled.
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What is a synonym for a lesion study?
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Experimental ablation.
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What is an excitotoxic lesion?
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A brain lesion produced by intracerebral injection of an excitatory amino acid, such as kainic acid.
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What is 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HD)?
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A chemical that is selectively taken up by axons and terminal buttons of noradrenergic or dopaminergic neurons and acts as a poison, damaging or killing them.
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What is a sham lesion?
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A "placebo" procedure that duplicates all the steps of producing a brain lesion except for the one that actually causes the brain damage.
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What is stereotaxic surgery?
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Brain surgery using a stereotaxic apparatus to position an electrode or cannula in a specified position of the brain.
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What is the bregma?
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The junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures of the skull; often used as a reference point for sterotaxic brain surgery.
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What is the sterotaxic atlas?
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A collection of drawings of sections of the brain of a particular animal with measurements that provide coordinates for stereotaxic surgery.
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What is a stereotaxic apparatus?
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A device that permits a surgeon to position an electrode or cannula into a specific part of the brain.
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What is a fixative?
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A chemical such as formalin; used to prepare and preserve body tissue.
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What is formalin?
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The aqueous solution of formaldehyde gas; the most commonly used tissue fixative.
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What is perfusion?
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The process by which an animal's blood is replaced by a fluid such as a saline solution or a fixative in preparing the brain for histological examination.
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What is a microtome?
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An instrument that produces very thin slices of body tissues.
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What is a scanning electron microscope?
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A microscope that provides three-dimensional information about the shape of the surface of an object.
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What is the anterograde labeling method?
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A histological method that labels the axons and terminal buttons of neurons whose cell bodies are located in a particular region.
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What is PHA-L?
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Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin; a protein derived from lima beans used as an anterograde tracer; taken up by dendrites and cell bodies and carried to the ends of the axons.
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What is the immunocytochemical method?
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A histological method that uses radioactive antibodies or antibodies bound with a dye molecule to indicate the presence of particular proteins of peptides.
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What is the retrograde labeling method?
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A histological method that labels cell bodies that give rise to the terminal buttons that from synapses with cells in a particular region.
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What is fluorogold?
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A dye that serves as a retrograde label; taken up by terminal buttons and carried back to the cell bodies.
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What is computerized tomography (CT)?
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The use of a device that employs a computer to analyze data obtained by a scanning beam of X rays to produce a two-dimensional picture of a "slice" through the body.
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What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?
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A technique whereby the interior of the body can be accurately imaged; involves the interaction between radio waves and a strong magnetic field.
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What is a microelectrode?
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A very fine electrode, generally used to record activity of individual neurons.
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What is single-unit recording?
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Recording of the electrical activity of a single neuron.
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What is a macroelectrode?
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An electrode used to record the electrical activity of large numbers of neurons in a particular region of the brain; much larger than a microelectrode.
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What is an electroencephalogram (EEG)?
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An electrical brain potential recorded by placing electrodes on or in the scalp.
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What is 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG)?
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A sugar that enters cells along with glucose but is not metabolized.
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What is autoradiography?
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A procedure that locates radioactive substances in a slice of tissue; the radiation exposes a photographic emulsion or a piece of film that covers the tissue.
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What is Fos?
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A protein produced in the nucleus of a neuron in response to synaptic stimulation.
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What is positron emission tomography (PET)?
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The use of a device that reveals the localization of a radioactive tracer in a living brain.
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What is a functional MRI (fMRI)?
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A modification of the MRI procedure that permits the measurement of regional metabolism in the brain.
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What is microdialysis?
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A procedure for analyzing chemicals present in the interstitial fluid through a small piece of tubing made of a semipermeable membrane that is implanted in the brain.
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What is a multibarreled micropipette?
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A group of micropipettes attached together, used to infuse several different substances by means of iontophoresis while recording from a single neuron.
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What is microiontophoresis?
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A procedure that uses electricity to eject a chemical from a micropipette in order to determine the effects of the chemical on the electrical activity of a cell.
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What is in situ hybridization?
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The production of DNA complementary to a particular messenger RNA in order to detect the presence of RNA.
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What is double labeling?
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Labeling neurons in particular region by two different means; for example, by using an anterograde tracer and a label for a particular enzyme.
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