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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1) what is the cardiac cycle?
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1) events of one complete heart beat
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Cardiac Cycle 1) Atria___
2) Ventricles also __ 3) Atria __, then ___ 4) systole = __ 5) diastole = ___ 6) BOTH atria and ventricles CAN'T ___, but CAN ___ |
1) contract simultaneously
2) contract simultaneously 3) contract; ventricles contract 4) contraction 5) relaxation 6) contract at the same time; relax at the same time |
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Cardiac Cycle 1) Normal duration is ___ (at___)
2) Can be divided into ___:___ 3) Cardiac cycle begins in ___ |
1) 0.8 sec (at 75 beats/min)
2) 3 periods: mid-to-late diastole, ventricular systole, early diastole 3) late diastole |
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**Cardiac Cycle: Keep track of the following 1) __(electrical activity)
2) ___changes (look on ___): ___ 3) ___ (open or closed?) 4) __in the__ 5) heart ___ (___) NOTE: 6) __lead to ___ (contract or relax) 7) normally described with __in mind |
1) ECG (wave)
2) Pressure; (left side); atrial pressure, ventricular pressure, and aortic pressure 3) valves 4) blood volume; ventricle 5) sounds; (phonocardiogram) 6) electrical activity; mechanical activity 7) left side |
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Cardiac Cycle 1) AV valves:
open: ___ close: __ 2) SL valves open: ___ close: ___ |
1) AtP > VP (atrial pressure > ventricular pressure); VP > AtP (ventricular pressure > atrial pressure)
2) VP> AoP (ventricular pressure > aortic pressure); AoP > VP |
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Cardiac Cycle 1) Normal duration is ___ (at___)
2) MID-TO-LATE DIASTOLE: a. ___during ___ (nothing is __) b.__- __will complete___ |
1) 0.8 sec (75 beats/min)
2) a. PASSIVE ventricular filling; atrial and ventricular diastole (relaxation); (contracting) b. atrial systole; active filling; ventricular filling |
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Cardiac Cycle: MID-TO-LATE DIASTOLE
STEP 1: passive ventricular filling during atrial and ventricular diastole (relaxation) 1) heart is __ 2) blood flows __ 3) AV valves are __ 4) SL valves are ___ |
1) relaxed
2) into ventricles 3) open 4) closed |
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Cardiac Cycle: MID-TO-LATE DIASTOLE
STEP 2: active ventricular filling during atrial systole (contraction) 1) __on ___ 2) atria __ (__) 3) completes ___ |
1) P wave; ECG
2) contract (atrial systole) 3) ventricular filling |
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Cardiac Cycle: VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE
1) ___ 2) ___ |
1) isovolumetric ventricular contraction (IVC)
2) ventricular ejection |
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1) there is a time when ALL valves are closed and ventricular pressure is somewhere in the middle; the time between ___&___
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1) Isovolumetric ventricular contraction (IVC); AV valve closing & SL valve opening
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Cardiac Cycle: VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE (contraction)
STEP 1: Isovolumetric ventricular contraction (IVC) 1) lasts about ___ 2) atria __ 3) ___wave 4) AV valves __ 5) ALL valves __ |
1) 0.05 sec
2) relax 3) QRS 4) close 5) closed (IVC) |
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Cardiac Cycle: VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE (contraction)
STEP 2: Ventricular Ejection 1) lasts about __ 2) Ventricular pressure___pressure in the ___ 3) as a result, __ 4) blood is __to the __and ___ NOTE: 5) you get __during __ |
1) 0.25 sec
2) exceeds; large arteries 3) SL valve opens 4) pumped; aorta; pulmonary arteries 5) EDV (end diastolic volume); IVC |
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Cardiac Cycle: EARLY DIASTOLE
1) ___ 2) ___ |
1) Isovolumentric ventricular relaxation (IVR)
2) Ventricular filling |
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Cardiac Cycle: EARLY DIASTOLE Step 1: Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation (IVR)
1) duration is __ 2) __wave 3) ventricles__ 4) SL valves __ (ventricular pressure __) 5) ALL valves ___ (__) |
1) 0.05 sec
2) T wave 3) relax 4) close; decreases 5) closed (IVR) |
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Cardiac Cycle: EARLY DIASTOLE Step 2: Ventricular filling
1) ventricular pressure___ 2) AV valves __ 3) __begins again-->___ |
1) drops below atrial pressure
2) open 3) ventricular filling; mid-to-late diastole |
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1) __-when ventricular pressure is high
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1) systole
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What happens to the cardiac cycle during tachycardia? 1) Diastole duration is ___to ___
2) possible b/c of __in __ |
1) cut short; increase heart rate
2) rapid filling; early diastole |
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The Entire Cardiac cycle lasts ___
1) ventricular systole = ___ -IVC = ___ -ventricular ejection = ___ 2) ventricular diastole = __ - IVR = __ - ventricular filling = __ - rapid filling = __ - diastasis = ___ - atrial systole = ___ 3) rapid filling and diastasis = ___ 4) atrial systole = __ |
0,8 sec
1) 0.3sec; 0.05 sec; 0.25 sec 2) 0.5 sec; 0.05 sec; _VF (0.45sec)__; 0.15 sec; 0.15 sec; 0.15 sec 3) passive filling 4) active filling |
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Cardiac Cycle: Heart Sounds
1) does NOT create any sound; this will be maintained if there is no __ 2) can be heard; it is this that causes heart sounds |
1) Laminar flow; turbulence
2) Turbulent flow |
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Cardiac Cycle: Heart Sounds
1) There are __normal sounds; ___ |
1) 2; Lub-dup
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Cardiac Cycle: Heart Sounds- There are 2 normal sounds; Lub-Dup
1) S1: During ___; __why you get this 2) S2: During ___; sets up ___ 3) S3: ___; during __ 4) S4: ___; during ___ |
1) IVC; AV valves close
2) IVR; turbulence for sound 2 3) abnormal; rapid ventricular filling 4) abnormal; atrial systole |
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Cardiac Cycle: Heart Sounds
Two Normal Sounds 1) S1: __and ___; when ___ 2) S2: __and___; when ___ 3) ___: abnormal heart sounds |
1) louder and longer; AV valves close in IVC
2) shorter and sharper; SL valves close in IVR 3) heart murmur |
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Cardiac Cycle: Heart Sounds
Abnormal Sounds 1) S3: During __after___; in ___, severe __, __or__ 2) S4: At the __of__; in ___, __, ___, ___ |
1) diastole; IVR; dilated CHF; HT; MI; mitral incompetence
2) end; atrial systole; hypertrophic CHF, PE, tricuspid incompetence; cor pulmonale |
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Cardiac Output & Its regulation: Important Terms
1) volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction 2) amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute |
1) Stroke Volume (SV)
2) Cardiac Output (CO) |
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Cardiac Output & Its Regulation
1) Stroke Volume (__)- is volume of ___by ___in___; Normal SV = __ 2) Cardiac Output (__)-is the ___ 3) ___ = ___ X___ 4) What is the normal CO? |
1) (SV); blood pumped; each ventricle; one contraction (a single heart beat); Normal SV = 70ml
2) (CO); amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute 3) CO = (Heart Rate [HR]) X (Stroke Volume [SV]) 4) Normal CO = 70 x 70 ml = ~5L/min |
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Cardiac Output & Its Regulation
1) volume of blood present in a ventricle just before systole 2) volume of blood remaining in a ventricle at the end of systole 3) __ = ___-___ |
1) End-diastolic volume (EDV)
2) End-systolic volume (ESV) 3) ESV = EDV - SV |
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Cardiac Output & Its Regulation
1) End Diastolic Volume (EDV)- the___; Normal EDV = ___ 2) End Systolic Volume (ESV)- the__; Normal ESV = ___ 3) Note: the heart CAN'T ___ |
1) the volume of blood present in the ventricle just before systole; 135ml
2) volume of blood remaining in the ventricle at the end of systole; 135-70 = 65 ml 3) pump everything out |
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Cardiac Output & Its Regulation
1) what is Ejection Fraction (EF); normal EF = __ |
1) SV/EDV; 0.5-0.55 (~50%)
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Regulation of Cardiac Output
CO = HR X SV 1) you can change the CO by changing the ___ 2) Stroke volume usually___ 3) if we were to change CO momentarily, would use ___ |
1) HR, SV, or BOTH
2) remains relatively constant (~70ml) 3) HR not SV |
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Determinants of SV
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1) preload
2) contractility 3) afterload |
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Determinants of SV
1) Preload-is the ____ (__) 2) Contractility- is the __ (__) 3) Afterload-is the___; increased SV leads to ___ and vise versa; is the ___to blood flowing out of the heart; how much ___the ventricles have to exert to get blood out of the heart |
1) blood available for pumping (LVEDV) (Left ventricular EDV)
2) force of contraction (inotropy) 3) resistance (pressure) against which heart needs to pump; increased afterload; resistance; force |
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Regulation of Cardiac Output
1) SV depends mainly on ___ 2) _____: the more cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction; means ___ 3) i.e. the heart ___ |
1) EDV (preload)
2) Frank-Starling Law of the Heart; increased EDV --> increased stroke volume 3) pumps out all that it receives |
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Regulation of Cardiac Output: Frank-Starling Law of the Heart (the more cardiac muscle stretches, the stronger the contraction)
____control-from within; the heart does it by itself without the nervous system 1) increased venous return--> 2) ___--> 3) ____--> 4) ___--> 5) ___--> |
Intrinsic control
2) increased stretching of heart wall (distension) 3) increased EDV 4) increased force of contraction 5) increased SV |
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Regulation of Cardiac Output
1) changing __is the most common way to change CO 2) HR is controlled mainly by, ___ |
1) heart rate (HR)
2) Autonomous Nervous System (ANS) |
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Regulation of Cardiac Output
1) intrinsic control 2) extrinsic control |
1) Frank-Starling law of the heart
2) Autonomous Nervous system |
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Regulation of Cardiac Output: HR
The Role of the Autonomous Nervous System (__) 1) Sympathetic activity __ 2) Parasympathetic activity___ 3) epinephrine ___ (like__) |
Extrinsic control
1) increases HR 2) decreases HR 3) increases HR (sympathetic activity) |
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Regulation of Cardiac Output: HR
INCREASE HEART RATE: 1) 2) |
1) sympathetic nervous system
2) hormones-epinephrine & thyroxine |
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Regulation of Cardiac Output: HR
INCREASE HEART RATE: Sympathetic nervous system 1) ___nerve (__,__,&__) 2) for ___; ___ 3) it ___pacemaker potential 4) __&__-->___ 5) if sympathetic stimulation we see it getting __&__; would contract more __ |
1) cardiac sympathetic; (SA node, AV node, & ventricles)
2) emergency; low BP 3) speeds up 4) increased PCa2+ & decreased PK+--> faster depolarization 5) faster; bigger; powerfully |
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Regulation of Cardiac Output: HR
DECREASE HEART RATE: 1) 2) |
1) parasympathetic nervous system
2) vagal tone |
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Regulation of Cardiac Output: HR
DECREASE HEART RATE: Parasympathetic Nervous System 1) ___nerve stimulations (mainly to __; __) 2) ___pacemaker potential 3) __-->___ 4) decreases___ 5) it takes __to get to TP |
1) vagus; SA & AV nodes only; not to ventricles
2) slows down 3) increased PK+-->hyperpolarization 4) PNa+ & PCa2+ 5) longer |
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Regulation of Cardiac Output: HR
DECREASE HEART RATE: Vagal Tone 1) Normal SA rate = ___ 2) it __and__ 3) a.k.a. it __ 4) If removed, HR __ |
1) 100 beats/min
2) reduces HR; maintains it at 75 beats 3) puts the breaks on 4) will go up |
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If we ___, we can raise the heart rate without needing sympathetic nervous system
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reduce vagal tone
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Ventricular Pressure-Volume Loops
1) show the relationship between ___(___) and ___(__) over a ___ 2) useful ___ |
1) LV Pressure (mmHg); LV volume (ml); single cardiac cycle
2) pathophysiological tool |