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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the closest relatives to land plants?
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charophytes - green algae
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What features link charophytes to land plants?
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- plasma membranes with rose arrays of proteins
- similar peroxisomal enzymes - similar rRNA and DNA - plasmodesmata |
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What are 6 challenges plants faced as they transitioned to land?
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- minerals from soil
- water from soil (dessication) - must support own weight - less water for sperm to swim in - less water for spores to swim in |
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What are some innovations plants developed for land?
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- waxy cuticle
- stomata, allow gas exchange through cuticle - gametangia to protect from dessication |
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What are the two types of gametangia?
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archegonium - female sex organ
antheridium - male sex organ |
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What generations dominate in primitive and complex plants?
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primitive plants - haploid dominates
complex plants - diploid dominates |
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What is the muticellular diploid plant called?
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sporophyte
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What is the multicellular haploid plant called?
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gametophyte
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How did non-tracheophytes obtain water and minerals?
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- grow in dense masses that move water through capillary action
- small leaf like structures catch and hold water - small size allows minerals to spread by diffusion |
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How do tracheophytes move water and minerals?
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2 vascular tissues
PHLOEM - photosynth products from source to sink XYLEM - water and minerals from soil to top |
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What are our 3 favorite non-tracheophyte plants?
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liverworts, hornworts and mosses
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Discribe liverworts:
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- most ancient surviving plant lineage
- gametophytes: flat plates of cells - rhizoids - finger-head structures for archegonia - disc-head structures for antheridia |
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Describe hornworts:
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- stomata
- single large chloroplast - use cyanobacteria - can grow indefinately |
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How do mosses transport water and sugar?
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Hydroid cells die and leave channel for which water to flow.
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What are some other features of moss?
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- protonema, gametophyte with branched filamentous structure
- rhizoid - gametophyte dominant - sporophyte dependant - reliance on motile sperm and water - reliance on haploid spores for dispersal |
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What does the sporophyte produce?
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unicellular haploid spores through meiosis
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What is a tracheid?
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the primary water conducting cell in in xylem
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How are the haploid and diploid generations of nonseed tracheophytes related?
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they are independent
Sporophyte - visible plant Gametophyte - tiny and short lived |
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What was up with plant life in the devonian?
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- proliferation of club mosses, horsetails and ferns
- trees - environment more hospitable to animals - forest of club mosses flourished |
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In was phylum were the first tracheophytes?
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Rhynophyta - now extinct
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Did rhynophyta have leaves?
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no
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What is the origin of roots?
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a branch grew into the ground, anchored and then felt different selective pressures, evolving to roots
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What is the origin of leaves?
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- sterile sporangia made simple leaves
- photosynthetic material grew between branches to make complex leaves |
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What is a homosporous plant?
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plants that bear one type of spore
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What is a heterosporous plant?
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plants that bear megaspores and microspores
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What are 6 tracheophyte features?
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- decrease in gamete size/ increase in sporophyte size
- independent haploid and diploid generations - emergence of pollen to replace sperm - specialization of tracheids - development of true roots and leaves - heterosporous |
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How do ferns do things?
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- tracheophytes
- specialized roots emanating from rhizomes - gametophyte underground and small - sporophyte large and nutritionally independent - reliance on motile sperm and water - reliance on haploid spores for dispersal |
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gymnosperms
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naked seeds
- ginko. cycads, confers, welwitschia |
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angiosperms
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flowers
- monocots and dicotyledons |
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Describe the gametophyte generation in seed plants:
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greatly reduced with haploid gametophyte attached to and nutrionally dependent upon sporophyte
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