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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Primordialist Arguments |
-Treat culture as something that is objective and inherited -Something that has been fixed since "primordial" times |
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Constructivist Arguments |
-Treat culture as something that is constructed or invented rather than inherited - Evidence mostly follows this belief |
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Montesquieu's argument |
-Monarchy was suited for European states -Despotism (absolute power) was suited for the Orient (asia) -Democracy was suited for the ancient world
-Only by chance would an area change political institutions -Nonfalsifiable |
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Mill's belief |
-Did not see certain cultures as necessary conditions for democracy and thought cultures were malleable
-Did believe certain cultures were more suited for democracy -Nonfalsifiable |
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Cultural modernization theory |
-Economic development produces culture changes that will eventually produce democracy |
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Civic Culture |
A shared cluster of attitudes that are thought to promote democracy and democratic performance |
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Types of political culture |
-Parochial- Traditional system of African tribes -Subject- Centralized authoritarian systems -Participan/Civic- Democracy |
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Political culture |
-Determined by how individuals think and feel about the political system -Almond and Cera studied this by conducting surveys |
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Dimensions of cross-culture variation |
-Traditional values versus secular-rational values -Survival values versus self-expression values |
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Traditional values |
-Relgion, traditional family roles -National pride, rejection of divorce |
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Secular-rational values |
-Less emphasis on religion, traditional family roles -Support for divorce |
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Survival values |
-Emphasis on physical and economic security -low levels of interpersonal (between people trust) |
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Self-expression values |
-Emphasis on gender, racial equality -High levels of interpersonal trust |
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Industrialization phase |
-Countries move away from traditional values to secular-rational values |
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Post-industrialization phase |
Sees countries move away from survival values to self-expression |
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Values Story (Cultural Modernization Theory) |
-Economic development produces cultural change that leads to democratization |
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Institutional Story |
-Economic development leads to democratization, which, in turn, leads to cultural change |
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Problems of surveys |
-Sensitive topics and preference falsification -Differential item functioning |
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Social desirability bias |
The tendency of individuals to overreport 'good behavior' and underreport 'bad behavior' |
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DIF |
When individuals or groups understand survey items differently or evaluate survey items using different scales |
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Problem 1 soultions |
- Survey administration (interviewers with similar demographic characteristics, allowing respondents to report their answers in private)
-Randomized response techniques
-List experiments (List with sensitive and nonsenitive, control, items)
-Endorsement experiments
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Problem 2 Solution |
-Anchoring vignettes -Respondents provide a self assessment by using assessment of a story |
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Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations |
-Conflicts in the world will be cultural rather than ideological or economic - The west insistence on imposing their values will only antagonize other civilizations |
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Religions and democracy |
-Islam and Confucianist countries cannot sustain democracy -Catholic countries will find it hard to sustain democracy -Protestantism can sustain democracy |
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Protestantism |
-Can sustain democracy because it encourages economic development, which creates a middle class which is a necessary condition for democracy |
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Catholicism |
-Empahsis on only one church and truth is incompatible with democracy need to accept various different and competing ideologies as legitimate |
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Confucianism |
-Its respect for authority and emphasis on communalism make it incompatible with democracy |
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Islam |
-Islam had a violent streak that predisposes Islamic countries to authoritarianism -Islam is unable to dissociate religious and political spheres -Islam treats women unequally |
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Empirical evidence |
All religious doctrines contain elements that can be viewed as conductive or detrimental to democracy -Cultures are invented, constructed and malleable rather than primordial, inherited and unchanging -Stance of different religions towards political institutions depend less on religious doctrines and more on the interests religious leaders at the time |
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Fixed point in time |
-A religion will appear to be less or more democratic, so people will assume it's compatible/incompatible -Effect of religion on democracy should be look at over time |
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Ethnic, Religious and Culture Hypothesis |
Countries with a large number of "blank" are less likely to become and stay democratic |
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Emergence of Democracy |
-Catholic countries are more likely to be democratic -Having a Protestant or Muslim majority has no effect on democratic transitions -Ethic, religious, and cultural diversity has no effect |
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Ultimatum Game |
-Split money Game -Proposer typically make positive offers because people care about fairness |
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Dictatorship Game |
-Like the Ultimatum Game but the responder cannot accept or reject |