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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Peace |
A condition marked by low levels of hostility and aggression and by mutually beneficial relationships. |
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Conflict |
A perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. |
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Divergence of Interest |
Social trap (self-interest and collective-interest |
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Discontinuity Effect |
People are more competitive and less cooperative in a group context |
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Social Dilemmas... |
Include mixed motives and interests and underlie various problems |
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2-Party Prisoner's Dilemma |
Both confess= 5 years each Both deny= 1 year each One confesses, one denies= 0 years for confessor, 10 years for denier |
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Tragedy of the Commons |
Depletion of shared resources because individuals consume more than is necessary to sustain them. |
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Relative Deprivation |
The perception that one is less well-off than others with whom one compares oneself. |
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Sherif's Boys' Camp Experiment |
Showed group polarization and was similar to Lord of the Flies between the two groups |
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Changing payoffs to resolve social dilemmas... |
Helps resolve conflict |
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Mirror-image Perceptions |
Reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict. |
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Deutch & Kruss trucking game |
The truckers would rather take the long way than work together to open the gaits because they feel threatened by the other's success |
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Conflict Escalation |
Use of progressively more contentious tactics (negative attitudes, dehumanizing other party, deindividuating the other party, blaming the other party). |
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Conflict Resolution: Antecedent |
Ripeness (motivation to escape conflict escalation, hurting stalemate, and an enticing opportunity) |
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Conflict Resolution: Communication |
Bargaining, mediation, arbitration, autocratic decision making |
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Mediation |
A neutral third-party offers suggestions to the parties that allow each party to make concessions and still save face |
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Arbitration |
Having a mediator make the final decision |
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GRIT steps |
1. Someone decides they want to deescalate a conflict and propose an initiative to do so 2. Initiative is carried out as proposed 3. Other party makes a more cooperative move and then the initiator and so on |
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Health Belief Model |
Beliefs concerning effectiveness and consequence of a particular action determine whether one would act |
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Health Psychology |
The study of the psychological roots of health and illness. |
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Downstream vs. upstream approaches to health |
Downstream: individual Upstream: environment |
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Catastrophes |
Natural and human-induced disasters |
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Significant life changes |
Negative and happy life changes |
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Chronic daily hassles |
Micro-stressors like crowding and pollution |
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General Adaptation Syndrome phases |
Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion |
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Depressive Explanatory Style |
. Failure is stable (it's going to last) . Failure is global (I'm ruined) . Failure is internal (it's my fault) and |
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Signal Detection Theory in the clinic |
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Illusory Correlation |
Believing two things are associated when they really aren't |
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Confirmation Bias |
Finding what you want to find that confirms your theory |
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Hindsight Bias |
"I should have known" |
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Vicious cycle of depression |
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Seligman's explanation for depression |
A rise in individualism and concomitant decline in commitment to common good |
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Minimizing wrongful convictions based on faulty eyewitness testimony |
. Allow witnesses to give own answers first . Practice with false lineup . Reinstate the context . Instant recognition vs. elimination |
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Signal Detection Theory of trials |
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Media effects |
. Influence on specific cases . Perceptions of crime prevalence |
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Bad interrogation... |
. Leading questions . Creation of false memories |
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Voir dire |
A preliminary examination of a witness or a juror by a judge or counsel (to eliminate bias) |
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Death-qualified jurors are... |
. More concerned with crime control than due process of law . Authoritarian . Rigid . Punitive . Closed to mitigating circumstances . Contemptuous of the lower class |
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Misinformation effect |
Post-event information changes the memory |
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Certainty and eyewitness accuracy are... |
Unrelated |
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Dunning and Stern instant recognition vs. elimination |
Instant recognition = more accurate |
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Eyewitness testimony |
Makes conviction rate skyrocket |
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Recalling minute details & perception of eyewitness |
Makes them seem more reliable to jury, but they may not be remembering the important details |
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Jury consensus building |
. Encourages juries to consider info more carefully . Minority can exert influence |
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Importance of 12-person jury |
. To forestall excessive conformity pressures . To ensure representation of minority groups |
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Things that work in the defendant's favor |
. Similarities to jury . Attractiveness |
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Judge's instructions |
Make information to be ignored more influential |
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Population Crowding |
Subjective feeling that there are too many people in a given space |
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Population Density |
Number of people in a given space |
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Natural environmental disasters |
. Global warming -> Greenhouse gasses . Acid rain -> Destroying plants and marine life . Industrial pollutants -> Urban smog . Toxic waste -> Poor countries . Pollution -> 1/3 people will get cancer |
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Human environmental disasters |
. High crime rate -> Poverty & neglect . Drug violence -> Economic & social situations . Crumbling schools and reduction of workforce pool . Overpopulation -> Resource depletion |
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Affluence and happiness |
The more you have, the less happy you are |
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Promoting environmentalism |
. Attitude change through education . Changing payoff matrix . Hypocrisy induction: dissonance . Feedback provision |
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Toward sustainability and survival |
. Close, supportive relationships . Faith communities . Positive thinking habits . Experiencing nature . Flow |
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Speth's role of identity in environmentalism |
. Positive view of future generations . Acknowledgement of our interdependency . Valuing relational and spiritual wellbeing |