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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of Muscular Tissue
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Skeletal-Striated/Voluntary
Cardiac-Striated/Involuntary Smooth-Non Striated/Involuntary |
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Smooth Muscle Tiisue
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Located in stomach, uterus, blood vessels - hollow organs.
layers (circular & longitudinal) contains endomysium |
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Walls of heart
contains endomysium |
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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Bones of skeleton
Cylinders many nuclei Contains: Empimysium, Perimysium & Endomysium |
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Function of Muscular Tissue
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Movement
Joint Stabilization Producing Heat Maintain Posture |
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Contraction
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Shortening of muscle cells.
Sequence that causes a filament to slide. |
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Four Steps of Contraction Cycle
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1. Splitting ATP
2. Forming Crossbridges 3. Power Strokes 4. Binding ATP and Detaching |
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Muscle Fiber
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Muscle Cell.
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Endomysium
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Thin, dense, protective.
Connective Tissue Sorrounds each cell contains capillaries, nerves and lymphatics |
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Perimysium
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Holds together a bundle of muscle fibers called fascicles
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Sacro-
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Flesh, Muscle
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Myo-
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Muscle
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Fascicle
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Small group of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium
Found in skeletal muscle tissue |
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Empimysium
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Irregular connective tissue
Surrounds complete muscle Thickest of connective tissue Holds fascicles together |
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Tendon
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Fibrous
Connects muscle to bone Perimysium and epimysium become tendons |
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Periostium
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Membrane
Lines the surface of all bones Not at the joints of long bones |
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Aponeuroses
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Flat, broad sheet like tendons
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Glucose
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Molecule.
type of sugar body uses for energy |
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ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate |
Stores glucose
Energy molecule of cells 25% energy used waste energy warm |
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Sarcolema
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Cell membrane of a muscle cell
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Myofibrils
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Cylinders running the length of muscle cell
Actomyosin filaments Striated |
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Cytoplasm
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Fluid that fills cell
synthesizes acetylcholine |
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Myofilaments
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Small rods of the myofibril cylinder
Make striations in muscle |
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Two Types of Myofilaments
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Thick - Myosin
Thin - Actin, Troponin (calcium), and Tropomyosin (calcium) |
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Myosin
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Molecular motor protein
Thick filament Hydrolyzes ATP Two heads & shaft (golf club) Move across Actin Found in dark band |
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Actin
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Thin filament
two intertwind protein strands found in light band Hydrolyzes ATP |
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Crossbridges
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Heads of myosin
Interact with actin during muscle contraction |
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ATPase
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Enzyme that breaks down ATP energy
Found in myosin head |
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A band
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Dark band of myofibril cylinder
Overlapping mysosin and actin filaments. |
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H Zone
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Light band in the center of an A band in a sarcomere
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I Band
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Lightest band of sarcomere
Straddles two sarcomere striated muscle consists of thin filaments |
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Z Line (disc)
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Disc like plate
In middle of I Band |
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Sarcomere
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Are between two Z lines
Found in striated muscle fiber Shortens during muscle contraction |
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Relaxed Muscle Cell
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Thin filments can't connect to thick filaments on myosin head.
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Myosin Binding Site
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Where actin molecule on a thin filament attaches on a myosin head
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Regulatory Proteins
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block actin from binding to myosin head
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Sacrcoplasmic Reticulum
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Membrane sacs that suround every mofibril
Store calcium ions (Ca++) for muscle contraction |
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Ca++ -
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1)Charged calcium ion
2) Stored in sarcoplasmic reticulm sacs during muscle relaxation 3) When released flood cell 4) Bond to regulatory proteins on thin filament when released |
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What permits the attachment of actin to myosin
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1) Unblocking of myosin binding sites on the actins when Ca++ bonds to regulatory proteins
2) Ca++ has to be release from sarcoplasmic reticulum sacs first 3) Contraction starts |
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Motor Neurons
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1) Cause release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum sacs
2) Nerve cells that have their cell body in the spinal cord 3) Axons leave cord and 4) pentrate the epimysium and perimysium layers and then branch |
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Motor Unit
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the branches of a single motor neuron and the muscle cells it connects with
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Axonal Terminals
(Synaptic bulbs/knobs) |
1) Enlarged sacs at the end of each axon branch.
2) Last stop for motor neuron 3)Connects with sarcolemma membrane |
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Synaptic Cleft (Synapse)
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Space between axon terminals and sarcolemma
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Neuromuscular Junction
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Combination of axonal terminals of motor neuron, synapse and sarcolemma
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Synaptic Vesicles
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Small membrane saces of the axonal terminal
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Vesicle
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Small membrane sac
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Vacuole
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Large membrane sac
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Acetycholine (ACh)
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1) neurotransmitter molecule
2) found at the neuromuscular junction of an axon terminal 3) cause action potentials to move across synapse to srcolemma |
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Receptors
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Bond to aceylocholine
protiens from the sacolemma under the axonal terminal |
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Action Potential
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Nerve impulse
Only travel along a membrane |
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Muscle Paralysis
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Occurs when acetylcholine does not reach sarcolemma receptors
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Acetylcholine Esterase
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1)Enzyme breaks down acetlycholine so muscles can relax
2) Found on sardolemma |
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Sliding Filament Theory
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crossbridges(myosin heds) attach to thin filaments & make the thin filaments slide towards the center of the sarcomere.
Z-lines shorten - muscle shortens |
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Power Stroke
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Shifting of myosin head
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Recovery Stroke
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Return to original position of the myosin head after Power Stroke
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Relaxation
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Lengthening of sacromeres after myosin (thick filaments) release themselves from actins.
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All or Nothing Rule
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Muscle cell is rlaxed or when it contracts, always contracts to same extent
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Four Steps of Contraction
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1. Splitting ATP
2. Forming Crossbridges 3. Power Strokes 4. Binding ATP and detaching |
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Recruitment
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ativiating more motor untis for increased strength
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To Increase Muscle Strenght
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Recruitment, sets of action potentials by motor neurons
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Incomplete
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Musclescan't relax between contractions
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Complete Tetanus
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stopping of muscle contraction when muscles unable to relax
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Tetanus
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1) Increases strenght in muscle
2) Fibers in motor units |
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Phosphate Groups
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Three units in a row of adenosine triphosphate
contain bonds with energy & cells that only use enrgy from this group |
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Cyanide
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Prevents cells for using ATP
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ADP
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molecule with two phosphate groups
molecule left after cells use ATP energy |
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Glycogen
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molecule of the branched glucose chain
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Areobic Respiration
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the use of oxygen to break down glucose
Generates 3 ATP molecules |
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Pyruvic acid
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molecule formed after glucose is broken down in areobic respiration
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Glycolysis
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1) process of converting
2) glucose to pyruvic acid 3) occurs in fluid of cytosol cell can regenerate 2 ATP molecules |
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Mitochondrion
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1) Energy factories of cells. 2) Pyruvic acid found here
3) Take in and break down nutrients |
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Carbon Dioxide & Water
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Final products of anerobic respiration that breakdown glucose di
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Anaerobic Glycolysis
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Anaerobic breakdown of glucose
without oxygen glucose to lactic acid - 2 ATP |
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Lactic Acid
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Muscle ache and pain during exercise
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Oxygen Debt
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Oxygen needed after aerobic exercise
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Fatigue
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Running out of ATP
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Isotonic Contractions
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tension in muscle stays the same, muscle contracts and lengthens or shortens
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Isometric Contractions
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Muscle does not change in length
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Origins
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Attachment of muscle to stationary bone
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Insertions
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Attachment of muscle to movable bone
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Prime Mover or Agonist
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Muscle that causes desired action
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Synergist
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Cooperation of muscles
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Antagonist
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Relax while prime movers contract - Act opposit of prime movers
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Prime Mover
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Responsible for a specirfic movement in a muscle
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Fixators
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1) Immobilizes joint or bone
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