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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Transduction |
transform; conversion of 1 form of energy into another (In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret) |
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Selective Attention |
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, like the cocktail effect |
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Thresholds |
Absolute Threshold, Signal Detection, Just-noticeable Difference |
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Absolute Threshold |
assumes there are limits to what we can and cannot perceive - 50% of the time (below or above a certain frequency is inaudible to us) minimal amount of energy required to produce any sensation |
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Signal Detection |
assumes there is no absolute threshold; states that circumstances, experiences, expectations affect our thresholds *(If you know it's there & are listening for it, you can hear it)* |
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Just-noticeable Difference |
the smallest change in stimulation that you can detect 50% of the time; Enables you to notice a difference |
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Difference between Absolute Threshold and Signal Detection |
A.T.= assumes there are limits to what we can and cannot perceive S.D.= there are no limits to our perception |
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How does JND apply to Weber's Law? |
If you had 100 pennies split into 2 bag, you'd have to take out 10 out if 1 bag (10%) to even notice the weight difference |
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Cochlea |
sound waves travel and trigger nerve impulses through it |
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Basilar Membrane |
runs the length of the cochlea (inside the ear) and contains those tiny hairs that act as sound receptors |
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Bones of the Ear |
Outer: Auditory Canal, eardrum Middle: hammer, anvil, stirrup Inner: cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs |
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How do we locate sound? |
Using both ears |
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Parts of the Eye |
Cornea : outer covering of eye Pupil: allows light to enter Iris: constrict and dilate the pupil to regulate the amount of light that gets into the back portions of the eye; (colored part) Lens: changes shape (called accomodation) and then focuses the incoming light onto the back of the eye (the retina) Retina: back of the eye; send the information on to be processed by the brain Fovea: your focal point on the retina Optic Nerve: carries the impulses formed by the retina Blind Spot: point where the optic nerve leaves your eye Bipolar cells: a type of nerve cells that combine the impulses from many of the visual receptor cells in the retina and then transmits those impulses to the ganglion cells. Ganglion cells: |
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Opponent Process Theory of Color |
The cone photo-receptors are linked together to form 3 opposing color pairs: blue/yellow, red/green, & black/white |
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Trichromatic theory of color |
There are 3 receptors in the retina that are responsible for the perception of color: 1 receptor= sensitive to green Another receptor= sensitive to blue 3rd receptor= sensitive to red |
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Amplitude |
can describe the magnitude or strength of a reaction or of a stimulus; How loud sound waves are |
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Wavelength |
How long sound waves are |
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Color and Sound |
chart in book |
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What are feature detectors? Where are they located? |
respond to specific features of the stimulus such as: edges, lines, and angles (shape, angle or movement) in the brain (occipital allows us to see things) |
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What are the 5 basic taste qualities? |
-Sweetness: energy source -Saltiness: sodium essential to psychological processes -Sourness: potentially toxic acid -Bitterness: potential poisons -Umami: proteins to grow & repair tissue (savory sense - meat) |
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Gate Control Theory of Pain |
have small fibers on spinal column that open the gate & send a pain signal to the brain (also have fibers that close the pain gate) |
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Kinesthetic Sense |
sense of position & movement; knowing where you are in relation to other things |
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Vestibular Sense |
sense of balance (semicircular canals: where balance is located) |
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Difference between top-down & bottom-up processing? Give example of each |
Top-down: already have mental image of; have reference point; experience & expectation (Ex.- title) Bottom-up: have no original reference; to to conclude by analyzing from bottom up; sensations (Ex.- angles, color) |
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Gestalt Psychology |
our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes; mind assembles pieces into a whole |
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Rules of Gestalt |
Proximity: objects that're near to each other tend to be grouped together Similarity: similar things we group together Continuity: tend to see pattern/ continuing things grouped together Connectedness: if things are connected, we group them together Closure: describes an individual's desire for a firm answer to a question & an aversion toward ambiguity Figure-ground: the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) |
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Visual Cliff Experiment with Baby |
Depth Perception: Shows we are born with depth perception Baby will not go to their mother if a cliff is before them |
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Different Types of Selective Inattention (Blindness) |
Inattentional blindness: so focused on 1 thing that you miss another Choice blindness: people are not always aware of their own choices and preferences (don't notice change in front of us) |
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Monocular Cues |
Relative Height: smaller and higher=farther away;bigger and lower=closer Relative Size: If we assume that 2 objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away Interposition: what's in front of what;if 1 object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer(image in foreground= appear closer)gives idea of depth Linear Perspective: the geometric illusion of 3-D on a 2-D surface; has vanishing point;the more lines appear to converge, the greater their perceived distance Relative Motion: as we move, stable objects appear to move(objects closer than the fixation point appear to move backwards, those beyond the point move with you, and the farther away objects are, the faster they'll move)close up= will pass quicker Light & Shadow: light on top, shadow on bottom = appears convexshadow on top, light on bottom= appears concave |
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Binocular Cue: Retinal Disparity |
for perceiving depth:by comparing images from the retinas in the 2 eyes, the brain computes distance - the greater the difference (disparity) between the 2 images, the closer the object |
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Color Constancy |
ensures that the perceived color of objects remains relatively constant under varying illumination conditions |
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Parapsychology |
concerned with the investigation of paranormal and psychic phenomena which include telepathy, empathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, near-death experiences, reincarnation, apparitional experiences, and other paranormal claim |
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Phi phenomenon |
creates illusion of movement |
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Importance of Olfactory receptor cells |
gives humans their sense of smell |
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Sensory Adaptation |
the diminished sensitivity to a stimulus as a consequence of constant exposure to that stimulus reality vs. usefulness |
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Pain circuit |
scene retinal processing: receptor rods & cones - bipolar cells -ganglion cells feature detection: brain's detector cells respond to specific features- edges, lines, & angles Parallel Processing: Brain cell teams process Recognition |