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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Boundary |
Vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below,and the airspace above the surface. |
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Capitalism |
Economic model wherein people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit. |
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Centrifugal |
Forces that tend to divide a country—such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences. |
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Centripetal |
Forces that tend to unify a country—such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith. |
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Colonialism |
Rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place. |
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Commodification |
The process through which something is given monetary value. Occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy. |
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Core |
Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries,and more technology; generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world-economy. |
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Critical geopolitics |
Process by which geopoliticians deconstruct and focus on explaining the underlying spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politicians. |
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Democracy |
Government based on the principle that the people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state. |
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Deterritorialization |
The movement of economic, social and cultural processes out of the hands of states. |
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Devolution |
The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government. |
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Federal |
A political-territorial system wherein a central government represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have common interests—defense, foreign affairs, and the like—yet allows these various entities to retain their own identities and to have their own laws, policies, and customs in certain spheres. |
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Geometric boundary |
Political boundary defined and delimited (and occasionally demarcated) as a straight line or an arc. |
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Gerrymandering |
Redistricting for advantage, or the practice of dividing areas into electoral districts to give one political party an electoral majority in a large number of districts while concentrating the voting strength of the opposition in as few districts as possible. |
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Heartland theory |
A geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by British geographer Halford Mackinder during the first two decades of the twentieth century, that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world. |
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Majority-minority districts |
In the context of determining representative districts, the process by which a majority of the population is from the minority. |
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Mercantilism |
In a general sense, associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade. More specifically, a protectionist policy of European states during the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries that promoted a state’s economic position in the contest with other countries. |
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Multinational state |
State with more than one nation within its borders. |
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Multistate nation |
Nation that stretches across borders and across states. |
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Nation |
Legally, a term encompassing all the citizens of a state. Most definitions now tend to refer to a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes. Such homogeneity actually prevails within very few states. |
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Nation-state |
Theoretically, a recognized member of the modern state system possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by a people who see themselves as a single, united nation. |
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Peace of Westphalia |
Negotiated in 1648 to end the Thirty Years’War, Europe’s most destructive internal struggle over religion. The treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security. |
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Periphery |
Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; and generate less wealth than core processes in the world-economy. |
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Political geography |
A subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal political practice on the Earth’s surface. |
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Reapportionment |
Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people. |
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Reterritorialization |
The process of a state moving to solidify control over its territory. |
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Scale |
Representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization. In cartography, the ratio of map distance to ground distance; indicated on a map as a bar graph, representative fraction, and/or verbal statement. |
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Semi-periphery |
Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery. |
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Sovereignty |
A principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states. |
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Splitting |
In the context of determining representative districts, the process by which the majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein, ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts; as opposed to the result of majority minority districts. |
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State |
A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereigngovernment and is recognized by a significant portion of the internationalcommunity. It has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government,and is recognized by others. |
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Stateless nation |
Nation that does not have a state. |
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Supranational organization |
A venture involving three or more nation states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. |
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Territorial integrity |
The right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states. |
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Territorial representation |
System wherein each representative is elected from a territorially defined district. |
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Territoriality |
In political geography, a country’s or more local community’s sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended. |
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Territory |
A system of political units with fixed, distinct boundaries and at least a quasi-independent government. |
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Unilateralism |
World order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process. |
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Unitary |
A nation-state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state. |
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World Systems Theory |
Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world. |