Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
vitamin A
fat-soluable vitamin |
Retinol, Beta-Carotene
function: imp. for pigment of rods in retina. rods enable us to seen in dim light. a lack of vit. A will cause night blindness. long-term vit. A deficency will cause blindness. --protects against cancer of skin, and other epithelial cells in respiratory tract, GI tract, urinary bladder, and breast. --stimulates immune system so that vaterial, viral, and parasitic infections are efficently dealt with --vit. A is an antioxidant, attaching to dangerous free radicals also necessary for proper bone growth renal function, digestive activity, and normal reproductive function in both sexes. SOURCES: dairy, liver, fish, yellow and green fruits and vegetables OD: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, HA, skin peeling, anorexia, irritability, wasting of bone mass, and in fatal cases destruction of the liver. vitamin A is teratogenic when taken in large doses by pregnant mothers in the first 3 months of pregnancy |
|
vitamin B1
water-soluable vitamin |
Thiamine (coenzyme)
function: enables proper carbohydrate metabolism. also plays roll in well-being of the nervous or cardiovascular system deficency: causes beriberi. beriberi symptoms include wasting of muscles, and malfunctioning of the nervous system. other signs of deficency include anorexia constipation, nausea, mental confusion and depression sources: grains, cereals, beans, pork, liver |
|
vitamin B2
water-soluable vitamin |
Riboflavin
function: important component for proper enzymatic activity in metabolism of carbohydrates and its production of energy for the body. necessary for proper growth and maintenance of the body deficency: can cause anemia and affect the nervous system and cause depression. the tounge, mouth, eyes, and skin may become dried out or sore. HA, burning of the skin (especially the feet), cracking of the corners of the mouth, and seborrheic dermatitis. sources: cereals, eggs, dark green vegetables, milk, liver >>may turn urine yellow to orange |
|
vitamin B3
water-soluable vitamin |
Nicotinic acid, niacin
function: used in tissue respiration and metabolism. nicotinic acid has been found to lower LDL (bad) cholesterol. it releases histamine and causes periphial vasodialation. necessary for lipid metabolism, proper nerve functioning, and overall maintenace of cells deficency: causes pellagra=diarrhea, wakness, lethargy, dermatitis, dementia, sores in the mouth, GI problems. sources: nuts, beans, pea, wheat, rice, grains |
|
vitamin B5
water-soluable vitamin |
Panthothenic acid (coenzyme)
function: affects body metabolism. it is incorperated into a coenzyme or the enzyme itself to synthesize important compounds in the body such as fatty acids, steroid hormones, and other molecules necessary for protein and carbohydrate metabolic processes. produced by bacteria within the GI tract of many animals, and is also in plant cells deficency: HA, sleep disturbances, muscle cramps, and fatigue. sources: vegetables, cereals, yeast, liver |
|
vitamin B6
water-soluable vitamin |
Pyridoxine
function: functions in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the diet. because it aids in metabolism this is why it is added to foods. greater metabolism means that carbs are not absorbed by the body it aids in the absorption of B12. and is a component needed for the production of many different amino acids, inlcuding a major amino acid neurotransmitter found in the brain and spinal cord deficency: skin problems such as seborrheic type lesions, stomatitis and even seizures. can cause dwarfism, blindness, dementia, depression and osteoporosis. meat, liver, chicken, salmon, trout, beans, rice, whole grains |
|
vitamin B9
water-soluable vitamin |
Folic Acid (coenzyme)
function: essential vitamin for DNA synthesis and creation of cells in areas that have high growth turnover. thse are bone marrow and GI tract. sources: green vegables, beets, OJ, and liver deficency: diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, sore mouth, irritability, and behavior disorders. interactions may occur with phenytoin, estrogen, or nitrofurantoin sources: green vegetables and liver |
|
vitamin B12
water-soluable vitamin |
Cyanocobalamin (coenzyme)
function: required by the body for red blood cell production, myelin sheath production, and the synthesis of neucleic acids. deficency: anemia, dementia, depression, hair loss, poor growth rate in children, and anorexia. pernicious= severe anemia, unspecific to any cell type megaloblastic= red blood cells are abnormally formed sources: meats, liver, chicken, dairy products |
|
vitamin C
water-soluable vitamin |
Ascorbic Acid
function: anti-oxidant, formation of connective tissue found in bones, teeth, and gums. aids in wound healing. aids in proper nutrition of cells and their permeability deficency: causes scurvy=excessive bleeding in the skin and gums, causing teeth to become loose. reduction in body's ability to produce T cells |
|
vitamin D2
fat-soluable vitamin |
Ergocalciferol
result of UV radiation on a yeast product found in bread and milk. this gets injested, transported to the liver, and then the hormone calciferol is formed. calciferol is then transported to the kidneys where calcitriol (aka vit D hormone is produced). vit D hormone increases P absorption and Ca intake. necessary for providing adequate CA and P to mother and child during preg. and breast-feeding. sources: dairy, eggs, natural light, and artificial light containing UV deficiency: causes rickets in children=bone weakness and deformities and causes osteomalacia in adults. osteomalacia in adults also causes osteoporosis OD: hypercalcemia, calcium deposits in various areas of the body such as soft tissue and joints, causing muscle weakness or pain. convulsions or death may occur in serious cases |
|
vitamin D3
fat-soluable vitamin |
Cholecalciferol
produced by the skin in presence of UV light vit D hormone increases P absorption and Ca intake. necessary for providing adequate CA and P to mother and child during preg. and breast-feeding. sources: dairy, eggs, natural light, and artificial light containing UV deficiency: causes rickets in children=bone weakness and deformities and causes osteomalacia in adults. osteomalacia in adults also causes osteoporosis OD: hypercalcemia, calcium deposits in various areas of the body such as soft tissue and joints, causing muscle weakness or pain. convulsions or death may occur in serious cases |
|
vitamin E
fat-soluable vitamin |
Alpha-tocopherol
potent anti-oxidant, essential for normal metabolism and protection of the skin, eyes, tissues, and muscles. protects red blood cells from damage source: whole grains, nuts, corn, vegetables, eggs, and butter deficency: anemia and cardiovascular disease |
|
vitamin K
fat-soluable vitamin |
Phytonadione
responsible for the formation of blood coagulation factors sources: found in wheat, legumes, egg yolks, milk, and vegetables such as broccoli and spiniach. certain bacteria in the intestine also produce vitamin K as a byproduct of their metabolism. deficency: cause an increased tendency to bleed. the bleeding may be repeated nosebleeds, blood in the sputum w/o coughing, spontanious bruising in several parts of the body, or blood in the urine |
|
avitaminosis
|
vitamin deficency
|
|
Coenzyme
|
a compound that activates an enzyme
|
|
cofactor
|
a factor that must be present for other factors to be active. All co enzymes are cofactors but not all cofactors are coenszymes
|
|
electrolytes
|
cations (+ charge) and anions (- charge)
|
|
enzyme
|
a protein that speeds up a reaction by reducing the amoutn of energy required to initiate a reaction; aka biological catalyst
|
|
fat-soluable vitamins
|
vitamins that can be stored in body fat: A, D, E, K
|
|
hemoglobin
|
the iron-containing blood cell that carries O^2 to the tissues
|
|
hypervitaminosis
|
condition caused by the presence of too many vitamins; more common with fat-soluable vitamins
|
|
intrinsic factor
|
a naturally produced protein that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12
|
|
molecular biosynthesis
|
the making of chemical compounds within a living organism
|
|
trace elements
|
elements needed by the body in very small amounts
|
|
water-soluable vitamins
|
vitamins that are soluable in water and not stored by the body. these must continually be replaced.
|
|
Mineral
Ca |
avl forms: Ca(CO3)2, (CH3COO)2Ca [calcium acetate}, others
Ind: bone formation, cell transport, nerve and muscle functions deficency: osteoporosis, rickets OD: kidney lithiasis or kidney damage |
|
mineral
Cl |
avl as XCl (in ionic compound)
|
|
mineral
Mg |
Magnesium
avl forms: Mg(SO4)2, MgCl2 ind: normal muscle and heart function necessary for Vit.C and Ca metabolism Deficency: HBP, kidney and heart problems, mental confusion |
|
mineral
P |
avl forms: dibasic calcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate
ind: necessary for healthy bones and teeth, component of phospholipids in cell membranes deficency: muscle weakness, defective bone function, arthritis |
|
mineral
K |
avl forms: KCl, salt substitute, others
ind: cellular transport, normal muscle, heart, kidney and nervous system functions deficency: muscle weakness, lethargy, poor growth, and cardiac disturbance OD: cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac arrest |
|
mineral
Na |
NaCl
|
|
S
|
avl as XSO4
|
|
essential trace elements
Cr |
Chromium
|
|
essential trace elements
Co |
Cobalt
|
|
essential trace elements
Cu |
avl forms: cupric sulfate
ind: Fe utilization, skin pigmentation, nervous system functions deficency: poor bone growth, nausea, nervous system disorders, poor response of immune system OD: jaundice |
|
essential trace elements
I |
Iodized table salt
|
|
essential trace elements
Fe |
avl forms: ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, ferrous gluconate, iron dextran, iron sucrose
ind: hemoglobin/O^2 transport deficiency: anemia, poor growth, confusion, loss of appetite, hair loss, SOB, lethargy, heart palpitations OD: OD effects are SEVERE, include acidosis, liver and kidney impairment, coma OD: GI disturbance, black stools gives blood and liver their reddish colors |
|
essential trace elements
Mn |
Mangenese
ind: necessary for bone formation and for metabolism of amino acids, lipids, cholesterol deficiency: poor hair growth, nails, and osteoporosis |
|
essential trace elements
Mo |
molybdenum (not avl as a separate supplement due to its toxicity)
|
|
essential trace elements
Se |
Selenium
ind: necessary for proper immune function and growth deficiency: heart and bone disease OD: GI disturbances, liver damage |
|
essential trace elements
Zn |
avl forms: Zinc sulfate, zinc acetate
ind: proper growth and reproduction; helps heal wounds, important to sense of smell and taste, and for skin hydration deficiency: decreased vitamin D absorption, nausea, hair loss, birth defects, decreased immune response, decreased sperm count OD: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pulmonary edema, hypotension, tachycardia |
|
pernicious anemia
|
cyanocobalamin (B12) deficency
|
|
megaloblastic anemia
|
folic acid (B9) deficency
|
|
pellagra
|
nicotinic acid (niacin) deficency
|
|
beriberi
|
thiamine (B1) deficency
|
|
Name reasons why iron deficiency can occur?
|
1. lack of iron in the diet
2. pregnancy requires greater intake of iron 3. inadequate intestinal absorption 4. excessive blood loss 5. certain forms of kidney failure in which the kidnesys fail to produce erythropoietin 6. Alcoholism 7. blood loss in women during menstruation |
|
what percentage of the world's population is affected by iron deficiency anemia?
|
30% of the world's population is affected by iron deficiency anemia
|