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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Other name for vitamin B12
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Cobalamin
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other name for vitamin C
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ascorbic acid
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other names for vitamin B6
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pridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal
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other name for vitamin B1
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thiamine
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other names for niacin
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nicotinic acid, nicotinamide
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other name for vitamin B2
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riboflavin
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other names for vitamin A
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retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, beta-carotene
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other names for vitamin D
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cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol
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other names for vitamin K
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menadione, menaquinone, phylloquinone
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other name for vitamin E
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alpha-tocopherol
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active form of folic acid
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tetrahydrofolic acid
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active forms of vitamin B12
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methylcobalamin, deoxyadenosyl cobalamin
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active form of vitamin C
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ascorbic acid
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active form of vitamin B6
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pyridoxal phosphate
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active form of vitamin B1
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thiamine pyrophosphate
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active forms of niacin
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NAD+, NADP+
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active forms of vitamin B2
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FMN, FAD
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active form of biotin
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enzyme-bound biotin
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active form of pantothenic acid
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coenzyme A
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active forms of vitamin A
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retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
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active form of vitamin D
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1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
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active forms of vitamin K
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menadione, menquinone, phylloquinon
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active form of vitamin E
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any of several tocopherol derivatives
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function of folic acid
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transfer one carbon units, synthesis of methionine, purines, and thymine
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deficiency of folic acid and signs and symptoms
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deficiency: megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects
signs/symptoms: anemia, birth defects |
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toxicity of folic acid
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none
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administration of high levels of folate can mask a ? deficiency
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b12
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function of b12
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cofactor for reactions:
homocysteine -> methionine methymalonyl CoA -> succinyl CoA |
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deficiency of vitamin B12
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pernicious anemia, dementia, spinal degeneration
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signs and symptoms of B12 deficiency
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megaloblastic anemia, neuropsychiatric symptoms
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treatment for pernicious anemia
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treat with IM or high dose oral vitamin B12
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functions of vitamin C
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antioxidant, cofactor for hydroxylation reactions.
proline -> hydroxyproline and lysine -> hydroxylysine in collagen synthesis |
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deficiency of vitamin C
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scurvy
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signs and symptoms of vitamin C deficiency
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sore, spongy gums, loose teeth, poor wound healing
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vitamin B6 functions
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cofactor for enzymes, particularly in amino acid metabolism
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signs and symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency
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rare. glossitis and neuropathy. (sensory neuropathy occurs at high doses of B12)
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vitamin B6 toxicity?
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yes
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vitamin C toxicity?
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no
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vitamin B12 toxicity?
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no
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vitamin B6 deficiency can be induced by...
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isoniazid
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functions of vitamin B1
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Cofactor of enzymes catalyzing:
*pyruvate->acetyl-CoA *alpha-ketoglutarate -> succinyl CoA *ribose-5-P + xylulose5-P -> sedoheptulose 7-P + glyceraldehyde 3-P |
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deficiency of vitamin B1
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beriberi, wernicke-korsakoff syndrome (most common in alcoholics)
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signs and symptoms of vitamin B1 deficiency
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tachycardia, vomiting, convulsions -> beriberi
apathy, loss of memory, eye movements -> wernicke-korsakoff |
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vitamin B1 toxicity?
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no
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water-soluble vitamins
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folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B1, niacin, vitamin B2, biotin, pantothenic acid
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fat-soluble vitamins
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vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin K, vitamin E
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Niacin Function
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electron transfer
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niacin deficiency
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pellagra
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signs and symptoms of niacin deficiency
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dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
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toxicity of niacin?
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none
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high doses of ? used to treat hyperlipidemia
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niacin
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function of vitamin B2
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electron transfer
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deficiency of vitamin B2
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rare
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signs and symptoms of vitamin B2 deficiency
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dermatitis, angular stomatitis
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vitamin B2 toxicity?
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none
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function of biotin
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carboxylation reactions
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biotin deficiency?
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rare
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toxicity of biotin?
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none
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consumption of large amounts of raw egg whites (which contain avidin) can produce a ? deficiency because ?
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biotin deficiency because avidin binds biotin
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function of pantothenic acid
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acyl carrier
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pantothenic acid deficiency?
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rare
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pantothenic acid toxicity?
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none
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vitamin A functions
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maintenance of growth, vision, promotion of growth, differentiation and maintenance of epithelial tissues, gene expression
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vitamin A deficiency
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impotence, night blindness, retardation of growth, xerophthalmia
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signs and symptoms of vitamin A deficiency
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increased visual threshold
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vitamin A toxicity?
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yes
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supplementation of what vitamin A derivative is not recommended
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beta-carotene
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excess vitamin A can cause
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increased incidence of fractures
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vitamin D function
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calcium uptake
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vitamin D deficiency
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rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults
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signs/symptoms of vitamin D deficiency
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soft, pliable bones
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vitamin D toxicity?
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yes
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which vitamin is not a true vitamin?
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vitamin D - can be synthesized in the skin
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vitamin K function
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gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residue in clotting and other proteins
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vitamin K deficiency
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newborns, rare in adults
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signs and symptoms of vitamin K deficiency
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bleeding
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vitamin k toxicity
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rare
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vitamin ? is produced by intestinal bacteria.
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K
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parenteral treatment with vitamin ? is recommended at birth
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K
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function of vitamin E
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antioxidant
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vitamin E deficiency
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rare
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signs and symptoms of vitamin E deficiency
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red blood cell fragility leads to hemolytic anemia
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vitamin E toxicity
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none
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