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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Necessary cause
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a condition that must exist for a disorder to occur
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Sufficient cause
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a condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder
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Contributory cause
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increases the probability of the disorder developing but is neither necessary nor sufficient for the disorder to occur
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Distal causal factor
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causal factors occurring relatively early in life may not show their effects for many years, that may contribute to a predisposition to develop a disorder.
ex: loss of a parent in life |
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Proximal causal factors
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other causal factors operate shortly before the occurrence of symptoms of a disorder.
ex: difficulties with friends or marital partners |
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Protective factors
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influences that modify a person’s response to environmental stressors, making it less likely that the person will experience the adverse consequences of stressors.
-Not always positive, exposure to stressful situations that are dealt with success build self-esteem |
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Developmental psychopathology
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determining what is abnormal at any point in development by comparing and contrasting it with the normal and expected changes that occur in the course of development
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Biopsychological view point
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that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors all interact and play a role in psychopathology and treatment.
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Genotype-environment correlation
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genotype vulnerability that can shape a child’s environmental experiences.
ex: child and aggressive behavior |
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Genotype-environment interactions
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differential sensitivity or susceptibility to their environments by people who have different genotypes
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Behavior genetics
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the field of study that focuses on the heritability of mental disorders
methods: family history method, twin method, concordance, adoption method |
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psychosocial perspectives
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perspectives attempt to understand humans not as biological organisms but also as people with motives, desires, and perceptions.
- Humanistic perspective and the existential perspective |
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Fundamentals of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
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Id: source of instinctual drives, first structure in infancy.
• Two opposing factors: 1) life instincts which is libido-sexual drive 2) death instincts which are destructive drives • The id operates on a pleasure principle- which is immediate gratification • Primary process thinking: wish-full thinking and mental images Ego: mediates between the demands of the id and the realities of the external world. • Ex: toilet training, it is the ego that mediates the physical need of the body/id (going to the bathroom) and knowing a place and time to do it (dealing with the outside world) Superego: when we develop our conscious, our inner control system that deals with the desires of the id. |
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Oedipus and Electra complex
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the Oedipus complex is when a boy has sexual desires for his mother and the Electra complex is when a daughter has sexual desires for her father.
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Humanistic perspective
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focuses on the positive image of what it means to be human. Human nature is viewed as basically good, emphasis on peoples inherit capacity for responsible self-direction.
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Existential perspective
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is the quest for meanings and values, for freedom and self-fulfillment, but its takes a less optimistic view of human beings and places more focus on their irrational tendencies. Existential thinkers try to understand and deal with the deepest human problems.
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Behavioral perspective
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a viewpoint organized around the theme that learning is central in determining human behavior
Learning: the modification of behavior as a consequence of experience. Classical conditioning: Operant conditioning: •Reinforcement: Observational learning: |
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Cognitive behavior perspective
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how thoughts and information processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behavior.
Internal reinforcement: when we human beings regulate behavior by internal symbolic processes—thoughts. Self-efficiency: the belief that one can achieve desired goals Schema: Self-schema: |
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attribution
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the process of assigning causes to things that happen.
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Early deprivation or trauma
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Institutionalized: children in Romanian Orphanages lack physical contact and social stimulation at a young age and develop sever emotional, behavioral and leaning problems later on
Neglect and abuse at home: physical abuse, lack of love, lack of interest in child’s activities, not spending time with them. •Leading to aggressive children, depression, anxiety, leaning disabilities Separation: secure attachment, insecure attachment |
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Parental styles
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Authoritative: high on warmth and moderate on control—children friendly
Authoritarian: low on warmth and high on control—children irritable Permissive/indulgent: high on warmth and low on control—aggressive Neglectful/uninvolved: low on warmth and control—low self-esteem, moody |
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Marital discord and divorce
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Marital discord: expose children to stressors such as abuse or neglect, effects of living with a parent with a mental disorder, spouse abuse.
Divorce: for children—feel rejected and insecure, depression, anxiety |
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The sociocultural viewpoint
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is concerned with the impact of culture and other features of the social environment on mental disorders
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Sociocultural causal factors
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Low socioeconomic status and unemployment: lower the socioeconomic class the higher the incidence of mental and physical disorders. Urban places tend to have more low socioeconomic status, ghettos. Unemployment causes people to suffer (suicide).
Prejudice and discrimination in race, gender, and ethnicity: perceived discrimination may serve as a stressor threatening low self-esteem, which may increase psychological distress. Social change and uncertainty: Urban stressors: violence and homelessness: 3.5 million people die worldwide from violence. Such violence and stress increase the risk of post traumatic stress syndrome. Impact of the sociocultural viewpoint: research has led to improving the social conditions that foster maladaptive behavior and mental disorder, and to help early detection, treatment, and long rang prevention of mental disorders. |
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Factors predisposing a person to stress
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No two people are faced with exactly the same patterned of stressors.
Some people develop long term problems under stress while others don’t Different coping styles linked to genetic traits Stress tolerance: person’s ability to withstand stress without becoming seriously impaired. |
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Characteristics of stress
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1) severity of the stressor 2) its chronicity 3) its timing 4) how closely it effects our own lives 5) how expected It is 6) how controllable.
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Cortisol
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glucocorticoid, released from the adrenal glands, fight or flight response
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Psychoneuroimmunology
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the study of the interaction between the nervous system and the immune system.
Immunosupression: down-regulation of the immune system |
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Leukocytes
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(white blood cells) are stored in bone marrow, two types of “white blood cells”, B cells, produces certain antibodies to fight off specific antigens (viruses, bacteria, cancer cells). The other is T cells, matures in the thymus.
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