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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Give an example of a type of tolerance, where it can cause problems and where it can be used therapeutically? |
Cross-tolerance, developing tolerance to one-type can reduce sensitivity to another. Tolerance to alcohol means people need higher doses of anaesthetics in surgery. Benzodiazepines can be used to reduce alcohol withdrawal symptoms. |
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What are the key features of addiction? |
Dependence, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. |
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Identify some risk factors in the development of addiction |
Genetic vulnerability, Stress, Personality, Family Influences and Peers |
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Identify genetic mechanisms possibly involved in addiction |
Abnormally low levels of D2 receptors Some better at metabolising substances eg expression of enzyme CYP2A6 = greater risk of icotine addiction |
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What were the findings of Kendler et al (2012)? |
addicted parent - 8.6% No addicted parent - 4.2% |
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Which study found a strong correlation between childhood rape and adult alcohol addiction? |
Epstein et al (1998) - only for those women diagnosed with PTSD |
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What did Andersen and Teicher (2008) suggest about early experiences of stress? |
It has damaging effects on brain, creating a vulnerability to addiction |
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What personality traits did Butler and Montgomery suggest were linked to addiction? |
Hostility and neuroticism |
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What personality disorder has been most strongly correlated with addiction? |
Antisocial personality disorder (impulsive) |
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Name a study that supports impulsivity as a key link to addiction |
Ivanov et al (2008) |
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Name and outline the findings of a study into family influences on addiction |
Livingston et al (2010) - allowed to drink at home = sig more likely to drink excessively following year at college |
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What is a key family influence as a risk factor for addiction? |
Perceived parental approval |
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What is important in forming addictions through peers? |
Peer attitudes/creation of group norm that favours rule-breaking generally, with drugs/alcohol being one example of this. |
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Which dopamine receptor is associated with novelty-seeking behaviour? |
D4 (Ray 2009) |
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Name an explanation for nicotine addiction |
Desensitisation hyp Nicotine regulation hyp Operant conditioning Cue reactivity (classical) |
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Which neurotransmitter is implicated in the desensitisation hyp? |
Acetylcholine (ACh) |
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Name a subtype of ACh receptor |
Nicotinic receptor (nAChR) |
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Describe the process of desensitisation of a neuron |
Nicotine molecules bind with nicotinic receptors = neuron stimulated. =neuron receptors shut down and temporarily can't respond to neurotransmitters. Number of active receptors down-regulated (fewer of them available) |
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In which part of the brain is desensitisation particularly consequential in terms of addiction? |
Nucleus accumbens (in mesolimbic system) - reward and pleasure centre |
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Why does desensitisation in nucleus accumbens cause nicotine addiction? |
The process causes release of dopamine which creates feelings of mild euphoria, increased alertness and reduced anxiety |
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What is the nicotine regulation model? |
Smokers go without nicotine for long time = drug metabolised and ACh receptors become functional (upregulation). Abnormally high levels of ACh transmission occurs, creating acute withdrawal symptoms. |
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Name a brain imaging study that supports importance of dopamine in mesolimbic pathway? |
Ray et al (2008) |
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Name a study that supported dopamine hyp through schizophrenics on Haloperidol |
McEvoy et al (1995) |
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Identify some other neurotransmitter pathways involved in nicotine addiction |
GABA and Serotonin(5-HT) Endogenous opioids (endorphin) |