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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
elements
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substance composed of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down further
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compounds
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a chemical combination of two or more elements
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atoms
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smallest particle of a chemical element that retains the properties of that element
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energy level/shell
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region surrounding the nucleus of an atom that contains electrons
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octet rule
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principle that atoms form bonds in ways that will provide each atom with an outer shell of eight electrons
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isotopes
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element that has the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons
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molecule
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formed when two or more atoms join
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ions
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electrically charged atom or groups of atoms
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ionic bond
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bond formed by transferring of electrons from one atom to another
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polar
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molecule in which the electrical charge is not evenly distributed, causing one side to be more positive or negative than the other
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synthesis
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combination; the combination of molecules to form a larger molecule
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decomposition reactions
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chemical reaction that breaks down a substance into two or more simpler substances
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exchange reactions
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chemical reaction that breaks down a compound and then synthesizes a new compound by switching portions of the molecules
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reversible reactions
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when the products of a chemical reaction change back to the original reactants; generally, an equilibrium of products and reactants exists
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metabolism
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complex, intertwining set of chemical processes by which life is made possible for a living organism
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catabolism
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breakdown of food compounds or cytoplasm constituents into simpler compounds
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anabolism
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cells making complex molecules from simpler compounds
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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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chemical compound that provides energy for use by body cells
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functional groups
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small cluster of atoms in an organic molecule that gives the molecule particular functional characteristics
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electrolytes
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substance that dissociates into ions in solution, making it capable of conducting an electric current
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acid
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substance that ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions; substances with a pH less than 7.0
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bases/alkaline compounds
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substance that ionizes in water to decrease the number of hydrogen ions
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pH
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units by which acid and base concentrations are measured; scale from 0-14, where 7 is neutral, 0-6 is an acid and 8-14 is a base
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buffers
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compound that combines with an acid or with a base to form a weaker acid or base, thereby lessening the the change in hydrogen ion concentration that would occur without the buffer
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carbohydrates
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organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in certain specific proportions
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types of carbohydrates
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1. monosaccharides (simple sugars)
2. disaccharides (double sugars) 3. polysaccharides (complex sugars) |
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lipids
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class of organic compounds that includes fats, oils, and related substances
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nonpolar
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without charged regions
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triglycerides
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lipid that is synthesized from fatty acids and glycerol or from excess glucose or amino acids; stored mainly in adipose tissue cells
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phospholipids
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phosphate-containing fat molecule; an important constituent of cell membranes
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steroids
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any of a class of lipids related to sterols and forming numerous reproductive and adrenal hormones
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prostaglandins
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any of a group of naturally occurring lipid-based substances that act in a hormone-like way to affect many body functions, including vasodilation, uterine smooth muscle contraction, and the inflammatory response
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proteins
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large molecules formed by linkage of amino acids by peptide bonds; one of the basic building blocks of the body
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enzymes
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biochemical catalyst that allows chemical reactions to take place; functional proteins that regulate various metabolic pathways of the body
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amino acids
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type of chemical unit from which proteins are built
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peptide bond
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bond that forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another
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dehydration synthesis
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anabolic process by which molecules are joined to form larger molecules
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hydrolysis
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chemical process in which a compound is split by addition of H+ and OH- portions of a water molecule
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levels of protein structure
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1. primary (first level)
2. secondary (second level) 3. tertiary ( third level) 4. quaternary (fourth level) |
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structural proteins
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any of a category of proteins with the primary function of forming structures of the cell or tissue
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functional proteins
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category of proteins that affect the functional operations of a cell
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denatures
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to alter the shape of a protein by a change in pH, heat or some other manner to change its chemical properties
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nucleotides
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monomer made up of three types of chemical groups that can act alone or to make up a polymer
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high-energy bonds
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chemical bond that requires an input of energy to form and when broken can result in the transfer of useful energy to cellular processes, as in ATP
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transfer RNA (tRNA)
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RNA involved with protein synthesis; tRNA molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome for placement in the sequence prescribed by mRNA
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messenger RNA (mRNA)
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duplicate copy of a gene sequence on the DNA that passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; used by ribosomes to create specific proteins
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RNA interference (RNAi)
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nucleic acid found in both nucleus and cytoplasm of cells; involved in transmission of genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm and in cytoplasmic assembly of proteins
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hypercapnia
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excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
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acidosis
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condition in which there is an excessive proportion of acid in the blood and thus an abnormally low blood pH; opposite of alkalosis
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toxins
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poison; chemical that can cause sickness or damage in the body
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