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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the name of the canal from the mouth to anus
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alimentary canal
|
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what are the four histological layers of the alimentary canal
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serosa or adventicia
muscularis externa submucosa mucosa |
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the outermost layer of the GI tract, a binding and protective layer.
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adventicia
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what kind of epithelium is in the serosa or adventicia tunica of the GI tract
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simple squamous epithelium aka visceral peritoneum
|
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layer of the GI tract that is responsible for segmental contractions - peristalsis- throughout the GI tract. contrctions physically churn the food as it is mixed with digestive chemicals enzymes
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muscularis externa
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plexus of the muscularis externa located between the two muscle layers and consists of parasymp ganglia and symp postganglionic fibers
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mysenteric or auerbachs of the muscularis externa
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most external and runs parallel to the lumen
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muscularis externa
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inner layer of the muscularis externa and encircles the lumen
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circular layers
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layer of loose CT with large blodo vessel snad lympathics deep to the muscularis externa
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submucosa
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exocrine glands that secrete buffers and enzymers are located in this layer of the GI tract
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submucosa
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this innervates the mucosa with sensory parasymp ganglia and symp postganglionic fibers in the submucosa layers
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plexus opf meissner or submucosal plexus
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rename the submucosal plexus
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plexus of meissner
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what kinds of innervation are associated with the plexus of meissner submucosla plexus
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parasymp gnagilia for sensory and symp postganglionic fibers
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the narrow outer protio of the mucosa layer of the GI tract that has inner circular and outer longtiudinal layer with elastic fibers
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muscularis mucosa
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this contracts and alters the shape of the lumen and mores the peithelial folds
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muscularis mucosa of the mucosa layer of the GI tract
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underlying layer of loose CT contains blood vessels and sensory nerves lympathics smooth muscles fibers and scattered areas of lymphoid tissue part of the GALT system
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lamina propria of the mucosa
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what kind of epithelium are found in the mucosa
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loose CT covered with epithelium moistened by glandular secretions
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the stomach small intestinese and most of the colon are lined by
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simple columnar epithelium for secretion and absorption
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what is simple columnar epithelium good for
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secretion and abosrption
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the mucosa is pleated or folded which may be permanent or temporary as a means to increase the surface area of the mucosa layer... this is called
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plica
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depression between the cheeks and the lips externall and the gumsa nd teeth internally
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vestibule
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opening of the oral cavity
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oral orafice
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opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx
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fauces
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the lips are attached at the midline fold by the ...
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labial frenulum
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reddish color of transition zone between skinand mucous membranes
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vermillion
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located on the mucous membrane of the hard palate
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transverse palatine folds or palatal rugae
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what lies anteriorly in the mouth
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palatoglossal
glossalpalatine arch |
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what lies posteriorly in the mouth
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palatopharyngeal or
pharyngeaopalatine arch |
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where is the palatine tonsil
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between the palatoglossal and the palatopharyngeal
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rename palatopharyngeal
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pharyngeopalatine arch
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rename glossalpalatine arch
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palatoglossal
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how teeth in kids adults
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20
32 |
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how many incisors in kids adults
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2
2 |
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hoe homany premolars in kids adults
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0 2 bicupsids
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how many molars in kids adults
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2
3 last is wesdom |
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anterior 2/3 or this muscles is in the oral cavity and the posterior 1/3 is in the pharynx
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tongue
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muscles that originate elsewhere and insert on the tongue, more the tongue in and out and side to side
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extrinsic muslces
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assist extrinsic muscles of the tongue
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intrinsic muscles
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oriniates in the edial surface of the nadible
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gnioglossus
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inserts in body of the the tongue, hyoid
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genioglossus
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depresses and retracts the tongue
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genioglossus
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innervated with hypoglossal in tongue
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genioglossus
hypoglossus styloglossus |
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originates in the hyoid
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hypoglossus
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inserts in the side of the tongue
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hypoglossus
palatoglossus |
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depresses and retracts the tongue
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hypoglossus
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origin is the anterior surface of the soft palat
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palatoglossus
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elevates he tongue and depresses the soft palate
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palatoglossus
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depresses tongue
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genioglossus and hypoglossus
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retracts the tongue
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hypoglossus
styologlossus |
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elevates the tongue
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styloglossus and palatoglossus
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innervated by the accessory nerve in the tongue
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palatoglossus
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what are the largest glands that are located below and in front o the auricle and drain through the parotid duct
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parotid glands
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parallels the zygomatic arch across the masseter pierces the buccinator muscle and gies out watery serous fluid
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parotid glands
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these salivary glands lie inferior ot hte body of the mandilbe midway along the inner side of the jaw and secrete watery serous fluid with SOME mucus
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submandibular glands
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sies under the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth and secretes mostly thick stringy mucus
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sublingual glands
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in esophagus what is the epithelium of the mucosa
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stratified squamous
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except during swalling is the lumen open or closed by muscles tone
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closed
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does the muscle layer of the muscularis mucosa get thinner or thicker as it approaches the stomach
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thickens
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**
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the muscularis externa of the esophagus has inner circular and outer longitudeinal layers... superior 1/3 is skeletal then mixed then smooth
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how is the adventicia of the esophagus different?
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no serosa, is outer fibrous layer, layer of CT outside the muscularis externa anchors the esophagus against the dorsla body wall
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what anchos the esophagus against the dorsal body wall
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adventicia
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what stage of swallowing is whne the bolus passes through the pharynx
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stage two is involuntary
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what stage or swallowing is entry and passage of food through the esophagus involuntary
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3rd stage
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what are the sphincters of the esophagus
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superior esophageal or pharygoesophageal
inferior esophageal or cardiac sphincter |
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rename superior esophageal sphincter
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pharyngoesophageal
|
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rename inferior esophageal sphincter
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cardiac sphincter
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innervated by inferior thyroid bronchail arteries esophageal phrenic and left gastric arteris
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esophagus
Inferior Thyroid Bronchial Arteries Esophageal Phrenic Left gastric arteries |
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parasymp preganglionic fibers reach the esophagus by way of this nerve and synapses with galnglion cells in he esophagus
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vagus
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preganglionic fibers arise in the lower part of the thoracic spinal cord and synpase in ganglia in the symp trunks and enter the esophageal plexus by visceral branches of the trunks and the blank nerve
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greater splanchnic nerve
|
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the mucosa is thrown into prominent longitudinal folds which permit expansion of the tomach
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rugae
|
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how many L of gastric juice each day
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1.5L
|
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abundant near the base of the gastric glands and secrete pepsinogen the gastric acid converts it into pepsin a proteolytic enzyme
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zymogenic or cheif cells
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are common along the proximal portions of the gastric glands and secrete HCl and intrinsic factor which faciliates absorption of B12 across the intersintal border
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parietal cells
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are scattered among the cheif and parietal cells and produce at least seven secretions.
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enteroendocrine cells
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enteroenocrine cells that produce gastrin and stimulate the other cells
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enteroendocrine cells of the mucosa of the stomach
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what produces mucus in the stomach
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mucous cells or goblet cells
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in the stomach the muscularis externa contains an extra inner layer of blank muscle
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oblique smooth which strneghtens the stomach wall and assists in mixing and churning of chyme
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what are the 6 regions of the stomach
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cardiac
fundus body pylorus superior margin in lesser curvature inferior margin the greater curvature |
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what part of the stomach is in direct contact with the diaphragm
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fundus
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what is the "mixing tank" of the stomach
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the body of the stomach
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what supplies the lesser curvature
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l gastric artery a branch of the celiac trunk
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what supplies the fundus and greater curvature through th eL gastroepiploic artery
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splenic artery a branch of the celiac trunk
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what supplies the lesser and greater curvatures of the pylorus thorugh the right gastroepiloic artery and gatsroduodenal artery
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common hepatic artery
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**
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POSTganglionic parasymp fibers innervate parietal cells chief cells and mucous cells of the stomach
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what innervates the parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous cells of the stomach
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postganglionic parasymp
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sympathetic innervation of the stomach is from the blank plexus
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celiac plexus and inhibits gastric activity
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how long is the small intestine in life
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8-13 ft
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what is the surface area of the small intestine
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2200 square feet
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occurs at 15 contractions/minute forcing chyne through the SI in 3-10 hours
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peristalsis
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800 deep permanent circular folds o the mucosa and submucosa that force chyme to spiral through the lumen and slows he course of cyme and allows for nutrient absorption
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plicae circularis of the mucosa of the small intestine
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fingerlike projections of th mucosa over 1 mm high giving velvety texter
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villi
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these are larger in the duodenum and gradually become enarrower and shorter along the length of the small intestine
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villi
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in the core of each villus, which accompanies with dense cpaillary bead
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lacteals
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transport materials that cannot enter the capillaries such as lipds and lipoprotein complexes. also absorb monosaccharides and amino acids
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lacteals
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between the villi, pits that extend into the lamina propria the intestinal glands or crypts of lieberkuhn
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tubular glands
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these gland secrete intestinal juice and contain an arrayy of enzyms and mucus
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tubular blands
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mucus secreting glands found only in the submucosa of the duodenum ONLY produce bicar rich mucus that neutralizes the cidic chyme
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brunner's glands are tuboalveolar glands
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simple columnar absorptive cells, bound by tight junctions, and richly endowwed with microvilli and carry many enzymes: the brush border enzymes
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columnar cells
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mucus secreting cells that become more abundant through te length of the small intestine
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mucous goblet cells
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located deep in the crypts they release antibacterial enzyme lsozyme
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paneth cells
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scattered cells that are the source of enterogastrones insteinal horman\es: secretin and choecysotkinin
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enteroendocrine cells
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what cells release lysozymes
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paneth cells
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what cells relase the intestinal hormones secretin and cholestokinin
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enteroendocrine cells
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in the duodenum secretions from the common bile duct and pancreatic duct unite to form the
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ampulla of vater or hepatopancreatic duct and eter the duodenum and duodenal pailla which can be opened or closed by a sphincter
|
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rename ampulla of vater
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hepatopancreatic duct
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fingerlike projections of th mucosa over 1 mm high giving velvety texter
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villi
|
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these are larger in the duodenum and gradually become enarrower and shorter along the length of the small intestine
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villi
|
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in the core of each villus, which accompanies with dense cpaillary bead
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lacteals
|
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transport materials that cannot enter the capillaries such as lipds and lipoprotein complexes. also absorb monosaccharides and amino acids
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lacteals
|
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between the villi, pits that extend into the lamina propria the intestinal glands or crypts of lieberkuhn
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tubular glands
|
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these gland secrete intestinal juice and contain an arrayy of enzyms and mucus
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tubular blands
|
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mucus secreting glands found only in the submucosa of the duodenum ONLY produce bicar rich mucus that neutralizes the cidic chyme
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brunner's glands are tuboalveolar glands
|
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simple columnar absorptive cells, bound by tight junctions, and richly endowwed with microvilli and carry many enzymes: the brush border enzymes
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columnar cells
|
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mucus secreting cells that become more abundant through te length of the small intestine
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mucous goblet cells
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located deep in the crypts they release antibacterial enzyme lsozyme
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paneth cells
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scattered cells that are the source of enterogastrones insteinal horman\es: secretin and choecysotkinin
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enteroendocrine cells
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what cells release lysozymes
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paneth cells
|
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what cells relase the intestinal hormones secretin and cholestokinin
|
enteroendocrine cells
|
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in the duodenum secretions from the common bile duct and pancreatic duct unite to form the
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ampulla of vater or hepatopancreatic duct and eter the duodenum and duodenal pailla which can be opened or closed by a sphincter
|
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rename ampulla of vater
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hepatopancreatic duct
|
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the ileum empties into the coloon through the
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ileocecal valve
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what are the abundant lymphoid nodules in the ileum called
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peyer's patches
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which sections of the small intestine has mesentary which allows movment but prevents kinking
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jejunum and ileum
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what supplies the small intestine with blood
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superior mesenteric artery
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what supplies the proximal duodenum with blood
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gastroduodenal artery a branch of the common hepatic artery
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the innervation of the parasym small intestine is from vagus nerve relayed mainly through the superior...
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superi0or mesenteric plexus
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in the small intestine sympathetic innervation is from the superior...
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mesenteric plexus some celiac plexus
|
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converts starch and glyocgen into disaccharides
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salivary amylase
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begins the digestion of proteins
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pepsin in the stomach source is chief cells
|
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source is chief cells in the stomach gastric juice enzyme
|
pepsin
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intestinal juice enzymes LPMSLANE
|
Lipase
peptidase maltase sucrase amylase nuclease enterokinase all from intestinal gland |
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converts proteins to amino acids
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peptidase in small intestine
|
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converts disacchardis into monosaccharides
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sucrase maltase lactase
|
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converts triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
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lipase
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converts starch adn glycogen into disaccharides
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amylase
|
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converts nucleic acids into nucleotides
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nuclease
|
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activates trypsin
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enterokinase
|
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pancreatic juice enzymes in the small intestine CTCPLAN
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chymotrypsin
trypsin carbosypeptidase peptidase lipase amylase nuclease |
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converst protiens or partially digested proteins into amino acids
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peptidase
trypsin chymotrysin carboxypeptidase |
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wall of the colon forms a series of pouches known as
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austra
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allows distnesion and elongation in the large intestine
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haustra
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the serosa of the colon continas numbeerous tear drop shaped sacs of fat known as the
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epiploic appendages
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absorbs vitamins liberated b bacterial action
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large intestine
|
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doe sthe large intestine have villi?
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no no more absoprtion
|
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does the large intestine have goblet cells
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yes much more prevalent-- no scratching
|
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the muscularis externa is the longtiudinal layer of the large intestine and reduced to three separate longitudinal ribbons
|
taeniae coli
|
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what are the three types of movement in the large intestine
|
haustral churning
peristalsis mass movement |
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when the colon bends sharply to the left
|
hepatic flexure
|
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the colon bends sharply inferiorly
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spenic flexure
|
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at the iliac fossa the sdescneding colon proceeds in s shaped segment posterior to the urinary bladder
|
sigmoid colon
|
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what supplies the cecum appendix and ascending and proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon
|
superior mesenteric artery
|
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supplies the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon adn the descneding and sigmoid colon and the rectum
|
inferior mesenteric arty
|
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the second half of the colon is innervated in parasymp from the
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pelvic splanchnic nurve
|
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the second half of the colon is symp innervated by the
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inferior mesenteric plexus.. the first half is by the superior mesentericc plexus
|
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a compound tubuloacinar gland
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pancreas
|
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prodeuce insulin which loers serum glucose
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beta cells
|
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produce gucoagon which reaises serum glucose
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alpha cells
|
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rename pancreatic islets
|
eslets of langerhan
|
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exocrine secrtions the pancreatic juice empties form the pancreatic duct into the
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duodenum
|
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what are the three reegions of the pancreas
|
head
body tail |
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each acinus is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium that secretes water ions and enzymes
|
central lumen of acini
|
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union of the R and L hepatic ducts carrying bile from the liver.
|
common bile duct
|
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where dose the cystic duct lead to from the pancreas
|
gallbladder
|
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mat branch from the main pancreatic duct before it leaves the pancreas, and ener the duodenum through a separate ampulla the lesser duodenal ampulla
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accessory pancreatic duct
|
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the splenic arty artery an common hepatic artery make up the
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celiac trunk that supplies the pancreas
|
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the common hepatic artery in the pancreas donates the
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gastroduodenal and superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
|
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the splenic artery of the pancraes donaes numerous small arteries known as
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pancreatics
|
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innervated by the branch of the celiac plexus
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pancreas
|
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he glandular protion of the pancreas receives parasymp or symp innervation
|
parasymp
|
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the pancretaic blood vessels reeive symp or parasymp innervsation
|
symp
|
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this organ is wrapped in tough fibrous casule and covered by visceral peritoneum
|
liver
|
|
separates the liver into right ad left lobes
|
falciform ligament becomes round ligament or legamentum teres
|
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remnant of the umbilical cord
|
ligamentum teres or round ligament a fibrous band
|
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other two lobes of the liver
|
caudate and quadrate
|
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form irregular plates that are one cell lyaer thik and are arranged like awagon wheel around the central vien. sinusoids between the plates empty into the central vein
|
heapocytes
|
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a typical lobule is hexagonal with six blanks at the corners
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portal areas or hepatic triads
|
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contains a branch of the hepatic portal vein, a branch of the hepatic artery, and small branch of the bile duct in each of these
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portal areas or hepatic triads of the liver
|
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this is produced by adjacent hepatocytes and flows thorugh a bile canaliculus to the bile duct
|
bile
|
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consists of bilirubin choesterol and varios lipids knowns as bile salts
|
bilirubin
|
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buffers he acidic chyme as it enters the duodenum and emulsifies lipis
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bile
|
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phagoctyic cells remove old or damaged RBC cellular debris and pathogens
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liver
|
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synhthesize plasma proteins that contribute to the osmotic concentration of blood transport nutients and etablish the clotting and complement systems
|
liver cells
|
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these line the sinusoids and are large number of phagocytic cells in the liver
|
kupffer cells
|
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rgulates systemic circulating levels of carbs amino acids and lipis
|
liver
|
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symp innervation in the liver comes from the
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thoracolumbar nerves through the celiac ganglia
|
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the sphincter surrounding the common bile duct and pancreatic duct
|
sphinterfoddi
|
|
intraperitoneal organs and mesenteries
LSITS |
liver
stomach ileum transverse colon sigmoid colon |
|
retroperitoneal organs no mesenteries
PRADD |
pancrease
rectum ascending colon descending colon uodenum |
|
mesentery is falciform ligament and lesser omentum
|
liver
|
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mesentery is greater and less omentum
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stomach
|
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mesentery is mesentery proper
|
ileum and jejunum
|
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mesentery is transverse mesocolon
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transverse colon
|
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mesentery is sigmoid mesocolon
|
sigmoidcolin
|
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is deeper within the kidney and has darker striped appearance
|
medullary layer
|
|
the medulla is composed of 6-18 conical renal pyramids the base of each pyramid faces the cortex
|
renal pyramids
|
|
the rounded apex of each pyramid projects into the renal sinus
|
papilla of the medullary layer
|
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what are the a-g layers of the medullary layer
|
renal pyramids
papilla minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis renal columns renal lobe |
|
ducts within each renal papilla disharge urine into a cup shaped drain
|
minor calyx
|
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foud or five minor clyces merge to form a major calyx
|
major calyx
|
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union of the 4-6 calyces
|
renal pelvis
|
|
adjacent renal pyramids are separated by bands of cortical tissue
|
renal columns
|
|
consists or a renal pyramid the overlying area of the cortex and adjacent renal columns
|
renal lobe
|
|
originates along the lateal surface of the abdominal aorta just inferior tot the superor mesenteric artery each kidney usually recieves about 1200 ml of blood
|
renal artery
|
|
the renal artery divides within the renal sinus into segmental arteries that supply several lobes
|
segmental artery (lobar arteries_
|
|
rename segmental arteries
|
lobar arteries
|
|
segmental artieres further divide into interlobar arteries taht radiate peripherlaly penetrating the renal capsule and extending though the reanl columns and between the renal pyramnids
|
interlobar arteries
|
|
supplied by the interlobar arteries the arcuate arteries parallel the boundary beween the cortex and medulla gibinh rise to the interlobular arters
|
arcuate arteries
|
|
supplie portions of the adjacent renal lobe
|
interlobular arteries
|
|
will transport blood to ball shaped capillary metworks wihtin a glomerulus within the glomerulus fenestrated capillaries produce an essentially protein free filtrate that is otherwise similar to plasma
|
afferent arterioles
|
|
collect the sstill oxygentated blood from the glomerular capillaries and flows into peritubular capillaries around the convoluted tubules
|
efferent arteries
|
|
capillaries surroundign the ascendigna nd descending tubules from these capillaries the blood is drained into viens that parallel the ateries
|
vasa recta
|
|
the kidneys and ureters are innervated by the
|
renal nerves
|
|
renal nerves are primarily blank symp fibers fromthe superior mesenteric ganglion
|
postganglionic
|
|
regulation of the glomerular blood flow and pressure thoruh ghte regulation of afferent and efferent arterioles stimulation of the rewenin relase direct stimulation of water and soldium ion reabsorption
|
function sof the kidneys and ureters as innervated by the postganglionic symp fibers from the superior mesenteric ganglion
|
|
filters blood empties into tubule
|
renal corpuscle or glomerulus
|
|
rename renal corpuscle
|
glomerulus
|
|
filtrate glood becomes urine where
|
the tubular system
|
|
85% of nephrons are this kind of nephron and are located almost enteirly within the cortex. their loops of henle onl dip a short distance into the medulla they perform more of the secretory and reabsoprptive funcitons
|
cortical nephrons
|
|
the other typeof nephron lies near the cortex medullary junction they deeply invade the medulla and have much longer loops allowing the kidney to produce concentrated urine
|
juxtamedullary
|
|
the initial spherical structure containing the glomerulus
|
bowmans' capsule
|