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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Plasma Membrane: |
Regulates what goes in and out of the cells. |
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Nucleus: |
Tells the cell what to do; Contains chromosomes that are made up of DNA |
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Mitochondria: |
Creates Energy (ATP) |
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ATP: |
Adenosine Triphosphate |
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Ribosomes: |
Make proteins |
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Rough ER: |
Protein synthesis, preparation and movement |
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Smooth ER: |
Lipid synthesis, preparation and movement |
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Golgi Apparatus: |
Packages and sends off proteins and lipids |
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Vesicles: |
Are the transporters |
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Exocytosis: |
Moves waste and toxins out of the cell. |
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Endocytosis: |
Absorbs nutrients and brings them in the cell |
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Lysosomes: |
Digest compounds |
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Cytoplasm: |
Fluid inside plasma membrane |
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Organelles: |
Structures that carry out all of these specialized functions |
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Difference between plant and animal cells: |
Cell wall, vacuole, and chloroplasts |
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Vacuole: |
Storage of water, starch, oils, and crystals |
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Chloroplasts: |
Captures light energy, converts to chemical energy |
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LEO |
Lose electrons oxidize |
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GER |
Gain electrons reduce |
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Photosystem II |
Breaks apart water |
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Electron Transport Chain |
Transports electrons and hydrogens out |
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Photosystem I |
NADPH is formed |
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ATP Synthase |
ATP is formed |
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Calvin Cycle |
1. Carbon Fixation 2. Reduction Phase 3. Carbohydrate Formation 4. Regeneration Pahse |
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Stroma |
Space around thylakoids |
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Carbon Fixation |
CO2 binds with RuBP sugar with the help with Rubisco. 6 carbon molecules split into 2 3-carbon molecules called PGA |
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PGA |
3-Phosphycerate |
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G3P |
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate |
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Reduction Phase |
3 PGA is converted into G3P using energy from ATP and NADH |
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Carbohydrate Formation |
G3P is converted into glucose and turned back into RuBP |
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Regeneration Phase |
3 Cycles to regenerate 3 RuBP and continue the cycle |
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Stroma |
Where the calvin cycle occurs in the chloroplasts |
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Cellular Respiration |
1. Glycolysis 2. Prep Reaction 3. Citric Acid Cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain |
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Where does the Prep reaction and citric acid cycle occur? |
Matrix |
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Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur? |
Cristae |
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What are Glycolysis inputs and outputs? |
Inputs: Glucose Outputs: Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH |
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What are the Prep Reactions inputs and outputs?
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Inputs: 2 Pyruvate Outputs: 2 CO2, 2 NADH |
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What are the inputs and outputs for the Citric Acid Cycle? |
Inputs: 2 Carbons Outputs: 6 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH, 4 CO2 |
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Inputs and outputs for electron transport chain? |
Inputs: NADH, FADH Outputs: NADH, FADH |
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Fermentation: |
Happens when there is no oxygen |
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How many net ATPs does Fermentation and Cellular respiration produce? |
Fermentation: 2 Net ATP Cellular respiration: 38 net ATP |
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Chromosome |
Two identical sister chromatids |
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Nucleosome |
Made up of 8 proteins called histones |
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DNA wraps around what? |
Histones |
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DNA is composed of what? |
1. Sugar Phosphate backbone 2. Nitrogenous base 3. Hydrogen Bond |
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What types of nitrogenous bases are there? |
1. Adenine 2. Thymine 3. Cytosine 4. Guanine |
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How do the nitrogenous bases pair? |
A - T and C - G |
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Cell Cycle |
1. Interphase 2. Mitosis 3. Cytokinesis |
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G0 Phase |
Eternally in interphase - Never reproduces unless cell is damaged or needs repair |
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G1 Phase |
1. Organelles double in number 2. Checkpoint |
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S-Phase |
Synthesis of copied DNA |
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G2 Phase |
Development of microtubules Checkpoint |
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M-Phase |
1. Splits all of the stuff |
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Prolapse |
1. Chromosomes condense 2. Nuclear envelope degrades 3. Centrioles and spindle fibers form 4. Spinder fibers attach to chromosomes 5. Centrioles move to opposite ends |
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Metaphase |
1 Chromosomes align in the middle Mitosis checkpoint |
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Anaphase |
Chromatids pull apart |
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Telophase: |
1 Spindle fibers and centrioles disappear 2 nuclear envelope reforms 3 division of cytoplasm begins |
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Cytokinesis |
Cleavage furrow - Pinches 2 cells in half |