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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Who is Mendel, what did he do, what organism did he use in his experiments? |
Gregor Mendel; Austrian monk, worked with garden pea plants in 1860s. Puzzling results, Mendel's model compatible with evolution |
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Cystic Fibrosis |
-Autosomal recessive disorder -Mutation and CFTR gene causes cystic fibrosis
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Huntington's Disease |
-Autosomal dominant disorder -Progressive degeneration of neurons in brain -Patients appear normal until the middle ages -testfor presence of gene |
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Which sex determines the sex of the child? |
X - Male |
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Genotype for someone who is homozygous dominant? |
AA |
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Polygenic Inheritance |
-Trait is governed by 2 or more sets of alleles -Result in continuous variation-bell-shaped curve |
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Codominance? |
Another type of inheritance that differs from Mendel's findings because more than one allele is fully expressed. |
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What is pleiotrophy? |
-Single genes have more than one effect -Martan Syndrome is due to production of abnormal connective tissue |
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CH. 11 What is complementary base pairing? |
A with T and G with C |
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Why is DNA considered "semiconservative" |
New DNA molecule is made of one parent strand and one new strand |
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Bases in DNA |
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine |
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Bases in RNA |
Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cyotsine |
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What is transcription? |
-Complementary RNA is made from a DNA template -Portion of DNA unwinds and unzips [RNA Polymerase] -Bases join in the order dictated by the sequence of bases in DNA |
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What is translation? |
-tRNA brings in amino acids - |
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
mRNA- send out amino acids tRNA- transfer the amino acids rRNA- assist |
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What is an anticodon? |
Group of 3 bases complementary to a specific codon or mRNA |
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How many codons exist? |
64 |
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How many codons specify amino acids? |
61 |
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What is a stop and start codon? |
What starts and stops the sequence of the amino acid |
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Where does translation occur? |
The cells cytoplasm |
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What is the significance of the white eye trait in fruit flies? |
Temporarily blinded by light. (Easily) |
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Where does transcription occur? |
Coupled with translation for prokaryotic cell, in eukaryotic, transcription occurs in the nucleus |
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Ch. 12 Explain the difference between reproductive and therapeutic cloning? |
Reproductive cloning= more for endangered animals Therapeutic cloning= Mature cells for treatment, mainly used in treating humans with illnesses/injuries |
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What does PCR enable us to do that was not previously possible? |
Amplifies specific DNA sequences |
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How many copies are created during each cycle of PCR? |
cycles over and over again doubling amount of DNA each cycle |
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What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis? |
-Separated samples by size -Longer DNA strands migrate less on the gel |
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What is DNA fingerprint? |
-Makes use of repeating -Non-coding DNA segements |
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What portion of DNA, coding or non-coding, is used to make this fingerprint? |
Non-coding |
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Ch. 14 Who is Charles Darwin? |
Naturalist abroad in HMS Beagle; 5 years |
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What was Darwin's primary role on the HMS Beagle? |
Mission to expand Navy's knowledge of natural resources foreign lands -observations led Darwin to biological evolution |
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Who was George Cuvier and what was his contribution to science? |
Founded paleontology |
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What is the central dogma of Biology? |
DNA > RNA > Protein |
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What is paleontology? |
Study of fossils |
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Who was Lamarck and what was his contribution to science? |
Hypothesized that evolution occurs -Inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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What is bio-geography and what does it tell us about evolution? |
Study of distribution of life-forms on earth |
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What is convergent evolution? |
Is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches |
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What did Darwin observe on the Galapagos Islands? |
Each island had its own type of tortoise -Long-necked tortoises in dry areas where food scarce -Short-necked tortoises in moist regions with abundant food |
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What holds two strands of DNA? |
Hydrogen bonds |