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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Carollus Linnaeus |
popularized binomial nomenclature to standardize naming |
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Domains |
Eukarya; Bacteria; Archaea |
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Kingdoms |
Monera; Protista; Plantae; Fungi; Animalia |
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Taxonomic Hierarchy |
Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species |
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Species name consists of _________ + _________. |
genus; species |
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species |
evolutionarily independent group |
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Biological Species Concept |
two populations don't interbreed in nature or do interbreed but cannot produce viable offspring |
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prezygotic isolation |
prevention of individuals from mating |
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temporal prevention |
breeding occurs at different times |
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habitat prevention |
two species breed in different environments |
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behavioral prevention |
two species have different courting procedures |
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gametic barrier
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two species have gametes that are not compatible |
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mechanical barrier |
two species have genitalia that are not compatible |
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postzygotic isolation |
embryos created by two individuals of two diff. species are not able to survive or are sterile |
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hybrid viability |
embryos of two diff. species die in embryo |
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hybrid sterility |
the hybrid created by two diff. species is sterile |
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morphospecies concept |
if two species look different, they are different (can include behavioral differences) |
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problem with morphospecies concept |
traits are subjective; differences can be due to variation, genetic drift, mutation, etc. |
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phylogenetic species |
study of evolutionary history |
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phenetics |
look at all traits equally to determine relatedness of species |
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cladistics |
look at more recently evolved traits to determine the relatedness of species |
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Dusky seaside sparrow |
went extinct because the remaining individuals were mated with a totally different, distinct subspecies |
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monophyletic group |
ancestor and all of its relatives; one node and everything that branches off of it |
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paraphyletic group |
ancestor and only some of its relatives; looks more at loss of traits |
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Homoplasy |
2 groups have common traits NOT due to common ancestor; usually due to convergence |
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Parsimony |
homology is more likely than convergence |
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Speciation |
based on isolation and divergence |
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Allopatric speciation |
"different homeland" due to physical barrier |
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Sympatric speciation |
no physical barrier; caused by behavioral isolation |
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Morning Glory Pool |
bacteria grow in rings due to temperature differences |
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apple maggot flies |
ex. of sympatric speciation; become distinct species because they return to specific kind of tree when mating |
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reinforcement |
when two species' offspring are less successful, interbreeding will not be selected for and the two species will be further separated |
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hybrid zones |
area where 2 pops overlap and hybrids exist; offspring of 2 species are as strong as parent |
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age of earth |
4.6 billion years |
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oldest fossils/stromatolites |
3.7 billion years |
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Carl Woese |
did RNA work showing that bacteria, archaea and eukarya are separate groups |
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Do archaea cause disease? Do bacteria? |
no; yes |
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MRSA |
example of evolution of antibiotic resistance |
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differences between bacteria and archaea |
1. RNA sequences 2. bacteria have peptidoglycan layer 3. bacteria don't have distinct lipid layers 4. bacteria cause disease; archaea do not |
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biogeochemical cycling |
bacteria break down dead organisms |
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Gram + Bacteria |
stain purple b/c stain gets stuck in thick peptidoglycan layer; used in cheese, yogurt, and pesticides |
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Proteobacteria |
gram negative; phospholid bilayer covers peptidoglycan layer and makes bacteria more resistant to antibiotics/immune system |
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Rhizobium bacteria |
provide usable nitrogen from atmosphere to plants |
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cyanobacteria |
non-disease causing; photosynthetic; added O2 to air in early environments; gram (-); ancestors of chloroplasts |
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Archaea |
extremophiles due to protective hydrocarbon lipid layer around cell; first form of life |
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eukarya |
protists, fungi, plantae, and animalia paraphyletic group |
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Common traits of eukarya |
1. nuclear membrane surrounding genetic info 2. internal cytoskeleton to move products 3. membrane-bound organelles |
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prokarya vs. eukarya |
1. prokarya are smaller 2. prokarya divide via binary fission; eukarya divide via mitosis/meiosis 3. prokaryotes capable of transformation etc.; eukarya use meiosis |
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endosymbiosis theory |
mitochondria/chloroplasts were originally independent organisms that were engulfed by anaerobic predators and developed a symbiotic relationship |
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evidence of endosymbiosis theory |
1. multiple membranes in mitochondria/chloroplasts 2. independent genomes 3. independent reproduction via fission |
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heterotroph requirements |
1. big enough to swallow prey 2. digestive enzymes 3. internal transport system 4. efficient metabolism 5. mobility to search/catch food |
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protist morphology |
1. apical complex for enzymatic digestion 2. cilia/flagella for movement 3. amoeboid movement 4. multicellularity for specialization 5. alteration of genes from haploid to diploid between generations |
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chloroplasts |
photosynthetic machines using chlorophyll a/b and beta carotene |
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thylakoids |
used in photosynthesis; exist in stacks without touching each other to maximize surface area (thylakoid condition) |
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cellulose |
used in primary cell wall for additional structural support and protection |
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what wavelength of light penetrates water best? |
blue |
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advantages of plants moving to land |
1. more sunlight -- not absorbed by water 2. more CO2 -- more easily diffused through atmosphere than thru water 3. no predators |
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challenges of plants moving to land |
1. must overcome gravity 2. lack of water -- face dehydration and need water to reproduce 3. damage from UV radiation |
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trend in land plants |
increased structural complexity to better survive in harsh and competitive environments |
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vascular tissue |
allows the movement of materials |
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wood |
more structure/support |
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non-vascular plants w/o cuticle |
aquatic no specialized cells cytoskeleton no cuticle |
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non-vascular with cuticle |
first land plants requires water for reproduction no vascular tissue cuticle prevents water loss gametophyte stage -- sporophyte creates haploid spores |
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vascular seedless plants |
vacular tissue (xylem and phloem) creates spores instead of seeds need water for reproduction |
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gymnosperms |
vascular naked seeds --> protect embryo pollen needles reduce SA for photosynthesis but help in arid environments |
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angiosperms |
vascular fruit covered seeds monocots and dicots |
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wavelength vs. energy |
larger wavelength = lower energy smaller wavelength = higher energy |
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gamma rays/x rays |
too high energy for human photoreceptors to detect; disentenuate when they hit things |
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roots |
starch storage; no leaves/nodes |
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tap roots |
reach deeper into soil to reach nutrients and water; anchor plant |
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fibrous roots |
more shallow than tap roots; anchor plants |
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snorkel roots |
allow for gas exchange in underwater roots |
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shoots |
have leaves/nodes; allow buds/leaves to grow |
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axial shoots |
central trunk with branching in single plane; survive better in icy/windy conditions |
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dendritic shoots |
branching in multiple planes for maximum sunlight absorption |
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buttress roots |
form of shoot; support structures |
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leaf functions |
1. photosynthesis 2. protection 3. water collection 4. attachment for climbing 5. water storage 6. nitrogen fixing |
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compound leaf |
several leaflets |
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double compound leaf |
leaflets on leaflets; more common in place with excess water/heavy rainfall |
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needles |
max water conservation; reduced but year-round photosynthesis |
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primary cell wall |
contains cellulose for structure/protection |
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secondary cell wall |
used in specialization; may contain lignin or be part of the cuticle |
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meristematic cells |
undifferentiated; grow in meristems |
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parenchyma cell |
totipotent; can revert back to meristem; contains primary cell wall |
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collenchyme cells |
mostly differentiated; contains secondary cell wall; main function is support |
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sclerenchyma cells |
full differentiated; non-growth areas; create xylem |
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lignin |
tubes water flows through |
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upper epidermis of leaf |
waxy cuticle and stomata; may have tricombs for defense |
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pallisade mesophyll in leaf |
contains parenchyma cells; main site of photosynthesis; |
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spongy mesophyll |
main purpose is water movement; allow water to move through stomata |
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cork |
bark |
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cork cambium |
produces cork cells |
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secondary phloem |
responsible for transportation of materials |
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vascular cambium |
create xylem and phloem cells towards outside |
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secondary xylem |
active in water transport |
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sapwood |
recently dead; moves water |
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heartwood |
oldest wood; contains resin and toxins that can be used to kill disease through rays; no longer transports water |
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primary growth |
- occurs at apical meristems - elongation |
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secondary growth |
- increases diameter - lateral meristems - phloem layers never get thicker |
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flowers |
attract pollinators protect gametes promote seed dispersal |
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sepal |
photosynthesizing leaf-life structure that encloses developing bud |
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petals |
scented leaves inside sepals that attract pollinators; may contain nectary |
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corolla |
nectary and petals |
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stamen |
produces male gametophyte (pollen); filament and anther |
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carpel |
produces female gametophyte |
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seed |
plant embryo, endosperm, and seed coat |
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fruit |
develops from ovary; protects seed and aids in dispersal |
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animal common traits |
1. heterotrophic lifestyle 2. cell membrane only 3. glycogen for carb. storage 4. neurotransmitter tissue 5. no alteration of genes |
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extracellular matrix |
compound produced/exuded from cell for some function |
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germ layers |
areas of creation w/o germ layers cells remain totipotent |
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diploblastic |
two germ layers endoderm: digestive tract ectoderm: skin/nervous system |
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triploblastic |
three germ layers ectoderm/endoderm mesoderm: muscle, bones, and organ systems |
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acoelomate |
no body cavity |
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pseudocoelomate |
body cavity without mesodermal lining; no protection from rubbing; organs must be bathed in bodily fluid |
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eucoelomate |
body cavity surrounded by mesodermal lining; protection from rubbing; vascularized |
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protostome |
mouth forms from blastopore |
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deuterostome |
blastopore becomes anus |
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prorifera |
1.assymetric 2. no germ layers 3. sponges |
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cnidaria |
1. diploblastic 2. radial symmetry 3. cnidocyte cells with nematocysts |
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lophotrochozoans |
1. triploblastic 2. bilateral symmetry 3. protostomes 4. grow by adding segments to body |
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PLATYHELMINTHES |
1. lophotrochozoan 2. flatworms 3. triploblastic 4. protostomes 5. bilateral symmetry 6. flat body maximizes SA |
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Annelida |
1. lophotrochozoan 2. triploblastic 3. bilateral symmetry 4. protostomes 5. eucoelomates 6. independence of body parts |
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Mollusca |
1. snails, clams, squids, etc. 2. lophotrochozoans 3. triploblastic 4. protostomes 5. eucoelomates 6. bilateral symmetry |
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ecdysozoan |
1. triploblastic 2. bilateral symmetry 3. protostomes 4. growth by shedding outer layer |
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nematoda |
1. ecdysozoans 2. pseudocoelomates 3. triplo. 4. bilateral 5. protostomes 6. most abundant on earth 7. roundworms 8. extremophiles |
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arthropods |
1. ecdysozoans 2. triplo 3. bilateral 4. protostomes 5. exoskeleton 6. eucoelomates 7. compound eye/trachea system |
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echinodermata |
1. deuterostome 2. triplo 3. bilateral 4. eucoelomates 5. closest related to chordates 6. spine for protection |
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chordata |
1. deutrostome 2. triplo 3. bilateral 4. eucoelomates 5. mobile 6. more rigid-bodied |
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4 key chordate characteristics |
1. backbone 2. gill slits 3. central nerve cord 4. tail |
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6 major vertebrate classes |
1. cartilaginous fish 2. bony fish 3. amphibians 4. reptiles 5. birds 6. mammals |
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generalist vs. specialist |
generalist has lots of opportunities but vulnerable if prey evolves; specialist is very good @ eating specific food but screwed if something happens to it |
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quality vs. quantity of offspring |
lots of energy into few offspring or less energy into more offspring |
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endothermy vs. ectothermy |
endotherm: create own body heat ectotherm: heat reflective of environment |
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SA:volume |
bigger body: can't efficiently get rid of heat smaller body: can't efficiently keep heat |
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Bergman's Law |
species further away from the equator will have larger bodies |
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Allen's rule |
individuals who live closer to the equator will have more slender appendages; individuals who live further from the equator will have thicker appendages |