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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does mitosis result in? |
Two genetically identical daughter cells. |
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Chromatin |
Makes up a chromosome |
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Chromatid |
is one copy of a newly copied chromosome which is still joined to the other copy by a single centromere
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Centromere |
Where two chromatids are closely attached. |
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Chromosomes |
Separated chromatids |
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Interphase |
Dna is copied, longest phase |
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Prophase |
separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells; the complex of DNA and proteins contained in the nucleus, known as chromatin, condenses.
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Metaphase |
the process that separates duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells; the cell's chromosomes align themselves in the middle of the cell through a type of cellular "tug of war."
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Anaphase |
is the stage of mitosis when replicated chromosomes are split and the daughter chromatids are moved to opposite poles of the cell
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Telophase |
the sister chromatids reach opposite poles. The small nuclear vesicles in the cell begin to re-form around the group of chromosomes at each end.
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Cytokinesis |
the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells
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When is DNA replicated and why is it crucial? |
S phase during interphase; it needs to replicate before it can split into two cells |
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Mitotic Spindle |
made of microtubules and proteins |
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Kinetochores |
protein complexes that assemble at centromeres |
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Unreplicated chromosomes |
contains one double strand -DNA molecule
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Replicated chromosomes |
contains two identical double strand -DNA- molecules, the chromatids, that are joined at their centromere
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What results in a haploid cell going through mitosis? |
It remains a haploid cell. |
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How many chromosomes result from mitosis? |
After mitosis two identical cells are created with the same original number of chromosomes, 46.
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sister chromatids are separated at the centromere and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by this...?
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mitotic spindle |
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Cytokinesis in animal cells |
a cleavage furrow forms |
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cytokinesis in plant cells |
a cell plate forms |
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How do prokaryotes reproduce? |
Binary Fission |
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G1 phase |
during which a cell is metabolically active and continuously grows; cell commits to DNA replication
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M phase |
determines whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules before the cell enters the irreversible anaphase
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G0 phase |
the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide
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Variation |
differences among parents and siblings |
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Gene |
the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA, they have a specific position (locus) on a chromosome
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Sexual Reproduction |
two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes from both parents
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Asexual Reproduction |
reproduction without fertilization; clones are genetically identical individuals from the same parent |
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Ploidy |
The number of copies of each chromosome |
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Diploid cell |
2n; has two sets of chromosomes |
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Haploid cell |
n; has one set of chromosomes |
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Gametes |
are the only human cells produced by meiosis;
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Gametic Meiosis |
gametes are the only haploid cells
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What does meiosis result in? |
4 Haploid cells |
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What does meiosis do? |
reduces the number of chromosome sets, producing cells that are genetically different from each other and from the parent cell
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Homologous Chromosomes |
Each carries the same genes in the same order, but the alleles for each trait may not be the same ; one from mother, one from father
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Autosomes |
appear in pairs whose members have the same form but differ from other pairs in a diploid cell; they are not sex chromosomes. There are 22
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Sex chromosomes |
a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds (2 chromosomes)
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When does ploidy change during meiosis? |
During fertilization |
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Independent assortment |
when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together; occurs during metaphase 1 of meiosis
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Crossing Over |
produces recombinant chromosomes, combining DNA from both parents; happens when homologs pair; Homologous portions of nonsister chromatids trade places
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Parental Type vs. Recombinant Types |
The ratio between parental and recombinant types is always like this: m : n : n : m; where 'm' is parental types and 'n' is recombinant types
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