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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How would blockage of the thoracic duct affect the circulation of lymph?
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Thoracic duct empties lymph from the entire body except for the superior right side. Blockage would cause fluid build up in the limbs (lymphedema).
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If the thymus failed to produce thymic hormones, which population of lymphocytes would be affected?
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Thymic hormones help lymphoid stem cells turn into T lymphocytes.
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Why do lymph nodes enlarge during some infection?
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Phagocytes and lymphocytes gather in the node and divide to fight the infection. More cells enlarges the node.
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What types of cells would be affected by a decrease in the number of monocyte-forming cells in bone marrow?
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Macrophages, all types of these are made from monocytes
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What effects do pyrogens have in the body?
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stimulate temperature control area of the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, increases body temp. (fever)
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Lymph from the right arm, the right half of the head, and the right chest is received by the
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right lymphatic duct
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Anatomically, lymph vessels resemble
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medium veins
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Red blood cells that are damaged or defective are removed from the bloodstream by the
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spleen
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Perforins are proteins associated with the activity of
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NK cells
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The most beneficial effect of fever is that it
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inhibits the spread of some bacteria and viruses AND increases the metabolic rate by up to 10 percent
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List the lymphoid tissues and organs of the body and their specific functions.
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1. Thymus-site for T lymphocyte production and immune system hormones
2. Lymph nodes-filter lymph, detect pathogens, initiate immune response 3. Spleen-filter blood, recycle RBCs, detect pathogens or toxins in blood 4. Tonsils, lymphatic nodules-trap microorganisms and detect infection in mucosal layers (entrance and passageways of digestive tract) 5. Lymphatics-lymph movement from interstitial spaces to venous system |
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What are the 7 non-specific defenses present at birth?
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1-physical barriers
2-phagocytes 3-NK cell surveillance 4-inflammation 5-fever 6-complement system 7-interferons |
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Why would removal of a breast cause major arm swelling?
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lymph nodes have been removed, vessels on that side are tied off, no place for the lymph to drain, lymphadema occurs (fluid build-up in tissues)
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Why would you take lymph node biopsies if lung cancer is diagnosed?
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the cancer may have spread through the lymphatic system (metastasis), checking nodes can help determine the stage of cancer
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How can the presence of an abnormal peptide in the cytoplasm of a cell initiate an immune response?
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the abnormal peptide can attach to MHC proteins and be displayed on the cell membrane surface, T cells would recognize the peptide and initiate the immune response
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A decrease in the number of cytotoxic T cells would affect which type of immunity?
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cell-mediated immunity, the ability to kill foreign cells and tissues and cells infected by viruses would decrease
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How would a lack of helper T cells affect the antibody-mediated immune response?
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helper T cells promote B cell division, maturation of plasma cells, and production of antibodies by plasma cells, without the T cells antibody-mediated immunity wouldn't work
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A sample of lymph contains an elevated number of plasma cells. Would you expect the number of antibodies in the blood to be increasing or decreasing? Why?
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increase because plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies
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The specificity of an antibody is determined by the
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variable region
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Complement activation does what?
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stimulates inflammation
attracts phagocytes enhances phagocytosis |
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CD4 markers are associated with
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helper T cells
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Compared with nonspecific defenses, specific defenses
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protect against threats on an individual basis
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Blocking the antigen receptors on the surface of lymphocytes would interfere with
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antigen recognition
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A decrease in which population of lymphocytes would impair all aspects of an immune response?
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helper T cells
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Skin tests are used to determine if a person
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has been exposed to a particular antigen
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Cytotoxic T cell function
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lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity
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Helper T cell function
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stimulate activation and function of T and B cells
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Suppressor T cell function
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inhibit activation and function of T and B cells
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plasma cell function
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produce and secrete antibodies
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NK cell function
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recognize and destroy abnormal cells
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stromal cell function
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produce interleukin-7, which promotes the differentiation of B cells
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reticular epithelial cell function
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maintain the blood-thymus barrier and secrete the thymic hormones that stimulate stem cell division and T cell differentiation
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interferon function
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interfere with viral replication inside the cell and stimulate the activities of macrophages and NK cells
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pyrogen function
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reset the body's thermostat, causing fever
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T cell function
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provide cell-mediated immunity, which defends against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells
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B cell funcion
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provide humoral immunity, which defends against antigens and pathogens in the body (but not inside cells)
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interleukin function
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enhance nonspecific defenses and increase T cell sensitivity and stimulate B cell activity
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tumor necrosis factor function
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slow tumor growth and kill sensitive tumor cells
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colony-stimulating factor function
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stimulate the production of blood cells in the bone marrow and lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues and organs
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What are the 3 classes of lymphocytes and where do they originate?
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T cells- thymus
B cells-bone marrow NK cells-bone marrow |
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Compare complement and interferon effects
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complement-may rupture the cell membrane with perforin, kill the cell with lymphotoxin, or activate genes in the cell nucleus that kill it
interferon-interferes with viral replication inside of cell by triggering production of antiviral proteins |
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How does a cytotoxic T cell destroy another cell displaying antigens bound to Class I MHC proteins?
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by rupturing the cell membrane, killing the cell with lymphotoxin secretions, or activating genes in the nucleus that program cell death
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How does the formation of an antigen-antibody complex cause the elimination of an antigen?
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neutralization, agglutination and precipitation, activation of complement, attraction of phagocytes, opsonization, stimulation of inflammation, or prevention of bacterial and viral adhesion
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Would the primary response or the secondary response be more affected by a lack of memory B cells for a particular antigen?
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secondary, this response depends on memory cells that are formed during the primary response, they aren't involved in the primary response
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Which kind of immunity protects a developing fetus, and how is that immunity produced?
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natural passive immunity, IgG antibodies cross the placenta from the mother's bloodstream
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How does increased stress decrease the effectiveness of the immune response?
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depresses immune response, reduces number and activity of phagocytes, inhibits interleukin secretion
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Give an example for each type of immunity:
innate immunity naturally aquired immunity induced active immunity induced passive immunity natural passive immunity |
innate-genetically programmed
naturally aquired-develops after birth due to contact with pathogens (chicken pox) induced active-develops after purposed contact with antigen (vaccinations) induced passive-temporary by injection with antibodies produced in another organism natural passive-gained through acquiring antibodies from mom's milk or placental exchange |
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Why would a series of injections be needed for hepatitis B vaccination?
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they are timed to trigger primary and secondary responses, primary doesn't maintain antibody levels for long, the 2nd and 3rd injections cause antibody concentrations to remain high longer
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How can you tell blood plasma from semen by testing antibodies?
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IgA antibodies are found in body secretions (saliva, tears, semen) but not in blood plasma, plasma contains IgM, IgG, IgD, and IgE antibodies
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High IgM levels but low IgG levels. Does this mean the person has contracted the disease?
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IgM is produced first, IgG comes in later and does most of the control, the person has been exposed but will only contract the disease if the immune response can't control and eliminate the virus
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Would a medicine that blocks certain antibodies help an allergy?
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IgE antibodies develop for a certain allergen, so a molecule that would bind to IgE and prevent the allergen from binding would help
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