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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 2 reasons for using a microscope |
View objects unseen by the human eye and differentiate parts of the object |
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A compound microscope has |
High magnification and low resolution |
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A dissecting microscope or stereomicroscope has |
Low magnification, high resolution |
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Which microscope has 3d or 2d image and cost |
Electron |
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What is the function of the ocular lens/eyepiece |
10x function |
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Which piece joins the ocular to the nose piece |
The arm/body tube |
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What is the revolving nosepiece? |
Revolving part containing objectives |
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What are the objectives and what they do |
10x, 40x, 100x, and they life size the magnification |
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What does the stage do? |
Support the specimen/slide |
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What is the part that controls the light passing through the specimen |
The Iris diaphram |
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What is the function of the condenser |
To condense the light before it passes through the specimen |
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Which part provides light to illuminate the object |
The light source |
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What does the coarse focus knob do |
Move the stage up and down |
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What is the function of the fine focus knob |
To move the body tube up and down to precisely focus the object |
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What turns the light source on or off |
The light switch |
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Which part controls the intensity of light of the light source |
The light intensity adjustment |
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What does the base do |
Provides a firm support to the microscope |
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When do you only use the 10x objective |
When dealing with the coarse focus knob |
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How many inches should the base be away from the edge of the table |
6-10 |
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What is the process for finding total magnification |
Multiply the ocular by the objective |
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What type of oil do you use with the 100x magnification |
Oil of immersion |
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What are the two major types of cells |
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
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Is bacteria an example of prokaryotes or eukaryotes |
Prokaryotes |
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What are examples of eukaryotes |
Animals & plants |
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Prokaryotes have blank but it is not blank |
Genetic material, true nuclues |
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Define the term cell |
Basic structural/functional unit of an organism |
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Which type of cells lack a membrane bound nucleus and contain relatively few organelles |
Prokaryotic cells |
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What does the mitochondria in the animal cell do |
Digest fat and sugar in the cell; provides energy |
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What is responsible for calcium storage, cell material shunting and is the main site of fat digestion |
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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What do lysosomes do |
Digests and excretes old organelles and other substances |
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What is the responsibility of the rough endoplasmic reticulum |
Protein manufacture, cell material shunting, studded with ribosomes |
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What is the function of the golgi complex |
Process and repackage proteins for transport out of the cell |
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What encloses the content of the cell, regulating the intake and outtake of the cell |
Plasma membrane |
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Describe centrioles |
Made of 2 cylinders of tubules; essential to cell reproduction |
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What is chloroplasts |
The site of photosynthesis |
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Describe the nuclear membrane |
2 layered membrane through which substance enters and leaves the nuclues |
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What is located at the approximate center of the nucleus. Plays a vital role in ribosome production |
Nucleolus |
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Describe the nucleus |
The cell's nerve center, it contains contains chromatin and most of the cell's DNA. |
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What is the cytoplasm |
The cell's structural matrix |
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What are the three features present in the plant type of eukaryotes? |
Cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplast |
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Define epithelium |
A lining for other tissues |
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Which of the three types of simple epithelium are composed of a single layer of cells. Minimal resistance, maximum passage of substances (blood and lymphatic vessels) |
Simple squamous epithelium |
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Define simple cuboidal epithelium |
Cube/box shape. Absorption/secretion (kidney tubules, ovary surface) |
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Describe simple columnar epithelium |
Tall slim cells. Protect/separate different types of tissues. Absorption/secretion, especially of mucus. (Gastrointestinal tract) |
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Name the 5 connective tissue types |
Loose, dense, cartilage bone and blood |
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What type of connective tissue does areolar fall under and describe it |
Loose. Areolar possesses all three fiber types. Contains fibroblasts and white blood cells. (Mesentery blood vessels) |
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Melanocytes fall under which connective tissue and describe it |
Loose. Similar to areolar tissue but is in a looser arrangement and is less commonly found |
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What kind of tissue is under loose connective tissue and made of adipocytes which store fat for energy , insulation, and mechanical protection. |
Adipose tissue |
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Define White adipose tissue |
Used as energy source, thermal insulator. Also secrets wide array of hormones |
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Define brown adipose tissue |
Used to produce heat. Brown color comes from the presence of mitochondria |
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Describe dense connective tissue and what are the two kinds |
Tightly wound/packed fibrous tissue. Found in tendons,ligaments and dermis. Tendon and ligament |
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What does tendon attach, what does ligament attach? |
Muscle to bone, bone to bone |
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Define cartilage connective tissue |
Connective tissue composed of chondroblasts within collagen |
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What are the three types of cartilage connective tissue |
Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage |
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Where can you find hyaline cartilage |
Joints, ribs, and trachea |
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Describe elastic cartilage and where it can be found |
High elastin content ,and in outer ear, epilottis and larynx |
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Describe fibrocartilage and where it can be found |
Very dense. Pubis and vertebral column |
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Define bone connective tissue |
Made of specialized cells and collagen fibers, woven into a matrix of water, mineral crystals and salts |
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Define blood connective tissue |
Compound liquid tissue that transports nutrients and oxygen |
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What are the three types of muscle tissue |
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
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Describe skeletal muscle tissue |
Voluntary. looks striated under the microscope. Joined to the bones via tendons |
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What is the basic unit of the skeletal muscle tissue |
The sacromere |
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Describe the cardiac. Where can it be found? What does it resemble? What type of discs does it have? Has a type of junction? |
Involuntary, controlled by the medulla. Heart. Resembles the skeletal muscle in appearance. Has intercalculated discs. Has a gap junction |
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Is smooth muscle voluntary. Where can it be found? What controls it? |
Involuntary. Found in blood vessels, airways and digestive system. Controlled by the autonomic nervous system, it possesses gap junctions |
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What is a dendrite |
Projections of nerve cell, receives messages from other nerve cells |
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Define a myelin sheath |
Produced by flat schwann cells, this fatty substance protects and accelerates nerve impulses |
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Name the 3 types of plant tissues |
Dermal, ground tissue and vascular |
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What is the dermal tissue known as? What is its function? |
Epidermis. Serves as a barrier between the inner anatomy of the plant and its external environment. Protects against water loss extracts water and minerals regulates gaseous exchange and secretes metabolic compounds |
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Describe ground tissue, what is its function |
The bulk of the plant. Versatile cells store nutrients; and leaves performs photosynthesis |
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Define vascular tissue. What are the two kinds |
Used to transport water, nutrients and minerals throughout plants. Xylem and pholem |
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Define xylem. Define pholem |
Group of dead cells that are responsible for transport and nutrients against gravity. Living cells that distribute nutrients and newly created carbohydrate throughout the plant |
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The dermal tissue system is the blank of the plant |
Outer covering |
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The ground system, carries out blank, stores blank and helps support the plants |
Photosynthesis, photosynthetic products |
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The vascular tissue system blanks and blanks throughout the plant |
Conducts water, solutes |
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Define taxonomy |
defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those groups. |
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Name the 7 levels of classification |
Kingdom, phylum,class, order, family, genus, and species |
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What is the list of wh whitaker 5 kingdom classification and its sub categories |
Monera- Bacteria and Archaea Protista- eukaryotic single celled organism. Plantae-Any plant living or extinct. Fungi-yeast, molds, smuts mushroom and toadstools distinct from green plants. Animilia- any animal living or extinct |
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Archaea is classed with blank, and is what number branch on the phylogenetic tree with the other two branches being |
Eubacteria. Bacteria and eucaryota |
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Archaea comes from the greek word blank meaning blank |
Apaxia, ancient |
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Archaea reproduce blank? And are blank and share similar traits with eukaryotes and bacteria |
Asexually.Prokaryotes |
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What 2 things present in the eukarya branch of the three branches only |
Nuclear envelope and membrane enclosed organelles |
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What is present in the bacteria branch only? what is present in the bacteria and archae branch only |
Peptidoglycan in cell wall. Circular chromosome |
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What is the response to antibotics Streptomycin and Chloramphenicol in all three branches |
Growth not inhibited in archaea and eukarya. Inhibited in Bacteria. |
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Archae aare known for their ability to blank. They are extremophiles. Or their ability to metabolize materials that blank |
Survive extreme conditions. Other lifeforms cannot |
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Archae's ability can be classified into smaller groups bases on their preferences of |
Nutrition or climate |
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Thermophiles are archaea that can survive the blank. Can be found in blank or near blank |
High temperature. Hot springs or near undersea volcanic vents |
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What temperatures do Mesophilic creatures like |
Moderate |
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Which creatures like low temperatures and can be found in the artic |
Psychrophiles |
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Halophiles prefer blank concentrations |
Salt |
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Which creatures prefer acidic conditions |
Acidophiles |
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Litotrophs can use sulfur, methane, and what other 2 substances for energy sources |
Nitrogen and ammonia |
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Which archaea use light to produce energy |
Phototrophs |
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Most people think of eubacteria as |
Disease causing agents |
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What 3 things classify bacteria |
Shape, the color they're subjected to when they're dyed and they're arrangement when associated with each other |
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Gram positive bacteria stain purple because. Gram negative bacteria stain pink |
They absorb the purple stain applied to them. absorb the red counter stain |
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Peptiglycan aka murein is a polymer consisting of |
Sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh like layer outside of the plasma membrane forming a cell wall |
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Define pilus. Specialized structure called sex pili have an important role in |
Bacterial pili are involved in cell adhesion. Conjugation with another bacterial cell to exchange genetic informatiom |
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NAMs and NAGs are |
Alternating units of the bacterial cell wall |
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Lipopolysaccharide also known as lipoglycans which are? They can be found in the outermembrane of gram negative bacteria and acts as |
Large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide. Endotoxins to elicit strong immune response in animals |
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Protists are a group of single or multicelluar eukaryote that lacks |
Tissues and organs |
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Protists do have organelles to aid in? Some protists have blank while others do not? |
Digestion waste, elimination, osmoregulation, and defense. Chloroplast |
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Other than their relatively simple blank most protists are not similar to each other? |
Structure |
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How do protists reproduce? |
Sexually or asexually |
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Protista Kingdom is broken down into 3 phyla based on means of? The 3 phyla are |
Locomotion, Sacromastigophora, ciliophora and apicomplexa |
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The sacromastigophora includes blank? What is flagella used for? |
Sarcodines and zooflagellates. Absorb food through the cell membrane |
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Examples of sacromastigophora are? Parts of the Amoeba are the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm and? Define Trypanosoma |
Amoeba proteus and Trypanosoma. Pseudopodia contractile vacuole and food vacuole. A parasite zooflagellate that causes African Sleeping Sickness |
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What is ciliphora characterized by? What is an example of ciliphora |
The presence of hair-like organelles called cilia. Paramecium caudatum |
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Parts of the paramecium include oral cavity, pellicle, cilia, and |
Contractile vacuoles (2), macronucleus and micronucleus |
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In the apiocomplexa an apical complex is a ? All examples are blank which means they reside within the body of the host. |
Structure involved in penetrating a host's cell. Endoparasitic |
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What do apiocomplexans lack? An example is? |
Specialized locomotion structures and organelles for digesting and taking in food. Plasmodium vivax |
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All characters of kingdom Fungi are ? Most are filamentous and have a network of hyphae called called a? |
Eukaryotic. Myelium |
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Some characters of kingdom fungi are? Fungi are saprophytic and parasitic which means they are useful for |
Multicelluar. Recycling nutrients in nature. |
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Fungi absorb nutrients through? sexual reproduction can be blank(budding) or blank(with the help of spores) |
Nature and cell membrane. Asexual or sexual. |
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Fungi are commonly used for? Mold is a kind of |
Bread, cheese, beer, and whine production. Fungi |
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Sporangium is blank when immature and blank when ripe? Associated with blank reproduction? Stolon is ? |
Colourless and black. Asexual. Aerial hypha |
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Kingdom fungi is divided into 4 following phyla |
Zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota and lichens |
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Zygomomycota take their name for a method of sexual reproduction involving the production of conjugating gametes, leading to the |
Production of zygosporangia sexual |
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What kind of gametes are zygospores |
Haploid gametes |
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Thanks to sporangiospores what kind of reproduction takes place? |
Asexual |
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Step 1: aerial hyphae produce a. 2: Sporangium bursts to. 3 spores germinate to produce. 4 blank grows. 5 Gamete forms? 6? 7 blank forms? 8 blank and meosis? 9 blank produces a sporangium? 10 blank are released from sporangium. 11 spores germinate to produce blank? |
Sporangium. 2 release spores. 3 hyphae. 4 Vegetative mycellum. 5 at the tip of hyphae. 6 Plasmogamy. 7 zygospore. 8 karyogamy. 9 zygote. 10 Spores. 11 Hyphae. |
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In Ascomycota the defining feature of this fungal group is the blank meaning wineskin or blank, a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores called blank are formed |
Ascus ,sac ascospores |
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Are ascomygota sexual or asexual or both? Sexual Reproduction is carried out by blank produced inside blank? |
Both. Ascopores, ascus |
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Each Ascus produces blank ascupores? Asexual reproduction takes place by budding or? Examples are. |
8. Concili. Yeast mold and morals |
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Basidiomycota have septate hyphae or? Basidiomycota are filamentous and reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized ? Examples include mushroom, smuts and? |
Hyphae with crosswalls. Club-shaped end cells that normally bear 4 meiospores. Mushroom, smuts |
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Lichens is a blank association between fungus and algae |
Symbiotic association |
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Green algae provide food from photosynthesis and fungi provides? |
Anchorage, water retention and nutrient absorption |
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The fungi surrounds the blank often enclosing them within blank unique to lichen associations |
Algal cells, complex tissues |
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Both partner gain water and mineral nutrients from the atmosphere through blank and blank in lichens |
Rain and dust |
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Many lichens reproduce blank either by vegetative reproduction or through the |
Asexually, dispersal of disaspores containing algal and fungal cells |
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In kingdom plantae plants are what kind of organisms? Cellulose provides? Stroma and cuticle are responsible for? Most plants show alteration of generation between ? |
Multicelluar or eukaryotic. The cell wall with rigidity and protection. Regulating gas exchange. Diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte |
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Bryophytes are land plants that lack? What do they rely on? They reproduce via? Examples are mosses and? |
Vascular tissue circulating nutrients and water. Surrounding moisture. spores. Hornworts and liverworts |
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Vascular plants have a vascular system that conducts? This feature allows plants to evolve to a? They don't produce? The principle generation phase is the sporophyte which is usually? Phyla includes lycophota ,psilophyta and? An example is the? |
Water, minerals and photosynthetic products. Larger size than nonvascular plants. Seeds. Diploid. Sphenophyta and pterophyta. Fern. |
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In vascular seed bearing plants what 2 things are present? Two examples are the? In angiosperm what 3 things are present? Angiosperm are the most? Name the 2 subgroups of Angiosperm. |
Vascular system and seed are present. Cycads and conifers. Vascular system bearing plants, flowers, and seed bearing plants. Diverse group of land plants. Monocots and dicots. |
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Monocots have single? Long narrow? Veins are? Vascular bundles are? Flowers are in pairs of? Examples are sunflowers and? |
Cotyledon. Leaf. Parallel. scattered. Three. Bean and pea |
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Dicots have two? A broad? A network of? Ring of? Flower parts in multiples of? 3 examples are mustard and? |
Cotyledons. Leaf. Veins. Vascular bundles. Five and Four. Maize and rice |
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In the kingdom animilia animals can be? Animals typically reproduce but blank is possible? Animals cells lack? Animals can respond quickly to external stimuli because of what 3 factors? |
Multicelluar, heterotrophic ,and eukaryotes. Sexual, asexual. Cell wall. Nerve cells ,muscles or contractile tissues |
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Phyla consists of what five classifications? |
Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelmintheus, Nematoda and Rotifera |
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In porifera there is calcera which means? There is hexactenellida which means? There is demospongiae which is? |
Calcium carbonate spines. Sillica spindules. Sponging spicules |
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In cnidaria there is hydrozoa which means? Scyphozoa which are like? There are cubozoa which are like? There are anthozoa which are |
Hydra.Jellyfish. Box jellies. corals. |
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Porifera are multicelluar? Bodies are perforated by? Porifera organisms have stiff skeleton made of? Animals in phylum porifera need a? Filter feeders eat particles such as? 3 Examples are? |
Marine aquatic animals. Pores. Spicules and collagen. Firm surface for attachment. Bacterial plankton. Ascon sycon and sponges |
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Choanocytes are flagellated cells? Amoebocytes are embedded in? They move with pseudopodia, digest food and? |
Lining interior body of spongocoel. Mesophyll. Carry nutrients and produce spicules |
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Cnidaria are blank animals? Blank animals have 2 layers of cells which are? They have radial symmetry which means body parts are arranged in? The mouth is surrounded by tentacles which helps? |
Aquatic. Dipoblatic epidermis and gastrodermis. Whorls. Feed ,escape ,and protect |
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For the Cnidaria food is taken through the mouth into the? There is a presence of primitive? Animals in the phylum cnidaria show? An example is? |
Gastrovascular activity. Nervous system. Metamorphism polyp(sessile) and Medusa(free living). Hydra |
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An example of the platyhelminthes is the? They have what kind of symmetry? There is an absence of circulatory and respiratory organs so? Flatworms show what kind of ferilization? These animals have male and female reproductive organs so they are? |
Flatworm and tapeworm. Elongated bilatteral. Oxygen and nutrients flow by diffusion. Cross fertilization. Hermaphrodites. |
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An example of the nematoda is the? Describe their body. Describe their body movement. Stomach is absent so their pharynx? Reproduction is usually? Males are blank and their tails are? What is their symmetry? They are tripoblastic and blank which means seperate sexes? What 2 systems are well developed? |
Roundworm or Ascaris. Worm-like body. Wipe-like body movement. Is directly connected to the intestine. Sexually. Smaller and bent. Bilaterial. Dioecios. Reproductive and digestive. |
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Who do nematodes affect? Modes of transmission are? How can you avoid nematodes on food? What is treatment? |
Humans especially young children. Improper hand wash after garden work or soil contact. Ensure that meat or fish is thoroughly cooked. Intestinal worms. |
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What kind of animals are rotifera? Are they prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Describe their digestive system. Rotifers are parthenogenesis which means? Sexual reproduction occurs when? Describe corona? How do rotifers collect food? What do they feed on? |
Microscopic and aquatic most are females. Eukaryotic. Well developed in mouth and ending in anus. When are not harsh females are predominant and only females develop from unfertilized eggs. Eggs of a female are fertilized by a male. Beating hair like fibers which are arranged in a band around the mouth. Beating hairlike fibers to create water current and collect food particles. Phytoplankton and decaying food |
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Where can rotifers be found ? Under what circumstances rotifers survive years? |
Raingutters, temporary pools, desert washes. In a quiscent embryo phase. |
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Define the neuron. Define axon. |
Primary unit of nervous tissue. Main nerve fiber responsible for relaying messages away from the nerve body. |