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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
differentiation
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The structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism's development; dependent on the control of gene expression.
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morphogeneis
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The development of body shape and organization during ontogeny.
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apical meristems
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Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.
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model organism
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An organism chosen to study broad biological principles.
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cell lineage
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The ancestry of a cell.
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cloning
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Using a somatic cell from a multicellular organism to make one or more genetically identical individuals.
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clone
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(1) A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells
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stem cells
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In the bone marrow, a type of cell that gives rise to all the types of blood cells.
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determination
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The progressive restriction of developmental potential, causing the possible fate of each cell to become more limited as the embryo develops
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cytoplasmic determinant
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The maternal substances in the egg that influences the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cell
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induction
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The ability of one group of embryonic cells to influence the development of another.
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pattern formation
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The ordering of cells into specific three-dimensional structures, an essential part of shaping an organism and its individual parts during development.
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positional information
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Signals to which genes regulating development respond, indicating a cell's location relative to other cells in an embryonic structure.
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egg polarity genes
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Another name for maternal effect genes, these genes control the orientation (polarity) of the egg.
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morphogens
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A substance, such as bicoid protein, that provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis
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maternal effect genes
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A gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardless of the genotype.
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segmentation genes
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The genes of the embryo that direct the actual formation of segments after the embryo's axes are defined.
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gap genes
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Mutations in these genes cause "gaps" in Drosophila segmentation. The normal gene products map out the basic subdivisions along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo.
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pair rule genes
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Genes that define the modular patterns in terms of pairs of segments in Drosophila. Mutations in these genes result in embryos with half the normal segment number because every other segment fails to develop.
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segment polarity genes
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Genes that set the anterior-posterior axis of each segment in Drosophila.
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homeotic genes
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Any of the genes that control the overall body plan of animals by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.
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homeobox
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A 180-nucleotide sequence within a homeotic gene encoding the part of the protein that binds to the DNA of the genes regulated by the protein.
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apoptosis
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Programmed cell death brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of "suicide" proteins in the cells destined to die.
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chimeras
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organisms with a mix of genetically different cells
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organ identity gene
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A plant gene in which a mutation causes a floral organ to develop in the wrong location.
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