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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Three Major Appeals of Public speaking
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Logos, Ethos, and pathos
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Logical arraignment of ideas
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logos
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Emotional appeal
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pathos
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Credibility
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Ethos
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Organizing thoughts logically, tailoring message, telling story for max impact, adapting to listener impact
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Similarities between public speaking and converstion
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Public speaking is more organized and requires more formal language
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Differences between public speaking and conversation
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Develop a specific goal, outline how you will reach the goal, devise a method to determine when the goal is reached
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Method to improve public speaking skills
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External factors, internal factors, specific fears
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Why people have speech anxiety
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Collection of 3 or more who assemble for a specific puspose
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Small Group
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ability to achieve goals
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Leadership
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Procedural needs, task needs, maintenance needs
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Group Needs
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Define problem, analyze problem, establish criteria for solutions, generate solutions, select the best solution
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Dewey's Model for reflective thinking method
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A group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group
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Consensus
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Oral report, symposium, panel
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Ways to present the recommendations of the group
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Routine housekeeping actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group
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Procedural Needs
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Substantive actions necessary to help a small group to complete its assigned task
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Task Needs
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Communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group
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Maintenance needs
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A group member to whom other members defer because of their rank, expertise or other quality
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Implied leader
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A group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberations
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Emergent leader
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A person who is elected or appointed as a leader when the group is formed
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Designated Leader
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The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
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ethics
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Involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
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Ethical Decisions
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Make sure your goals are ethically sound, be fully prepared for each speech, and be honest in what you say.
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Guidelines for ethical speaking
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Presenting another person's language or ideas as your own
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Plagiarism
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Stealing a speech entirely from a single source
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Global Plagiarism
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Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources
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Patchwork Plagiarism
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Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
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Incremental Plagiarism
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Listen courteously and attentively, avoid prejudging the speaker, and maintain the free and open expression of ideas
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Guidelines for Ethical Listening
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Vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
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Hearing
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Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear
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Listening
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Appreciative listening, empathic listening, comprehensive listening, critical listening
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4 Kinds of listening
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Listening for pleasure or enjoyment
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Appreciative Listening
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Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker
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Empathic Listening
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Listening to understand the message of a speaker
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Comprehensive Listening
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Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it
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Critical Listening
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Trying to find someone's point of view
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Active Listening
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Not concentrating, listening to hard, jumping to conclusions, and focusing on delivery and personal appearence
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Four main causes of poor listening
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The difference between the rate at which most people talk and the rate which the brain processes language
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Spare brain time
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120-150 words per minute
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Rate people normally speak
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400-800 words per minute
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Rate the brain can process language
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Take listening seriously, be an active listener, resist distractions, don't be diverted by appearance or delivery, be open minded or suspend judgement
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Ways to become a better listener
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Is the purpose too trivial for my audience, is the purpose too technical,
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Questions to ask about your specific purpose
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A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
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Central Idea
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Should be expressed in a full sentence, should not be in the form of a question, should avoid figurative language and should not be vague or overly general
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Guidelines for the central idea
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Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
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Audience - centerdness
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A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences
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Identification
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The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well being
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Egocentrism
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Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership; racial, ethnic, or cultural background and education
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Demographic Audience Analysis
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Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion
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Situational Audience Analysis
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The larger the audience the more formal your presentation must be.
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Rule for addressing audiences
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Questions that offer fixed choice between two or more alternatives
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Fixed-alternative questions
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Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers
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Scale questions
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Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want
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Open-ended questions
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Authorship, sponsorship, and recency
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What you look for when evaluating internet documents
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Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their field
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Expert Testimony
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Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
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Peer Testimony
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Not concentration, listening too hard, jumping to conclusions, focusing on delivery and personal appearance
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Four causes of poor listening
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