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130 Cards in this Set
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cattle |
non-descript term referring to a bovine of any sex/age |
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cow |
any age female bovine that has given birth |
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steer |
castrated male bovine |
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stag |
castrated male that still shows secondary sex characteristics |
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who is #1 in the world for cattle numbers |
India |
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The US raises approx _(a)_% of world's cattle, produces _(b)_% of world's beef & veal, consume approx _(c)_% of world's beef, but only has _(d)_% of world's population |
a. 7.1% b. 21% c. 16.6% d. 4.7% |
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in __ states cattle outweighs people |
9 states |
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TN is a cow/calf state and ranks __ in the US beef cow numbers |
15th |
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What are the six most important factors of cow/calf management |
repro, nutrition, record keeping, herd health, marketing, genetics |
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____ is probably the most important for successful cow/calf production |
reproduction |
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what is parturition in cattle called |
Calving |
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what is an open cow/heifer & what is the problem with them? |
female that is not pregnant & bc they cost a lot of money |
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what is the most important factor in repro? |
a calf is better than no calf |
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why is it good to have uniform management practices? |
heath management practices can be preformed simultaneously, rather than year round on individual calves |
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what is TN's average calf crop percentage (National avg is relatively the same) |
76% |
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what are some reasons calves are lost |
1. calves are born dead, 2. fetus aborted at some point in pregnancy, 3. calf is lost sometime after birth, 4. cow never becomes prego |
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a stock barn is known for |
problem cattle! you get what you pay for!! |
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If a bull is fertile he will typically have __% pregnancy rate w 25 females... but if infertile it will steeply decline to __% |
88%.......0% |
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__% of a herd genetics will come from a bull, making the bull an extremely vital and usually most important to a herd. |
75% |
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2 main things to consider when buying a bull |
the bulls genetics and BSE (breeding soundness exam) |
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certain aspects of Genetics |
phenotype, performance testing (ADG, feed converesion, yearling and weaning weights), EPD |
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What are the 6 most important factors of cow/calf management |
Repro, Nutrition, Record Keeping, Herd Health, Marketing, Genetics |
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BSE |
Physical exam to determine bull-breeding soundness |
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Motility |
30% minimum |
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morphology |
really strict 70% is normal |
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how many days to make sperm |
61 |
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one cow for every month of age of the bull |
from 12 months up to 30 months of age |
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breeding seasons need to be approx __ days |
60-90 days |
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in TN the typical breeding season lasts __ days |
365 days |
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Estrous cycle length is ___ days |
21 days |
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Gestation length is __ days |
285 days |
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heifers should be bred at ___ months in order to calve at __ months of age |
14-15 months : 24 months |
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duration of estrus |
18 hours |
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Freemartin |
female born twin to a bull. these will be sterile. Bull is almost always fine |
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ways of estrus detection |
visual observation, heat patch, heat watch system |
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heat synchronization |
the estrous cycle of a a group of cows is artificially manipulated in order that they all come into estrous at the same time |
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herd health... best method of controlling disease within |
prevention first and secondly early detection |
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Common vaccination for Tn beef herd calves |
Blackleg, IBR, BI3, BRSV |
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common vaccination for TN beef herd cows |
Leptosprirosis |
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Elastrator
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Bloodless castration, used for small testicles, uses small rubber bands
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Emasculatome
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Bloodless castration, crushes spermatic cord but does not cut skin, also does not crush arteries to scrotum, less risk of flies bothering scrotum, only clam one side at a time
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Emasculator
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Cut and crush spermatic cord
Blade & crushing part. Blade always placed facing the festival, "nut to nut".. This is helpful once the bottom 1/3 of scrotum is cut off |
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Newberry knife
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Not bloodless, useful for opening the scrotum, pinch shut on scrotum, pull down in one swift motion, safe
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Obstetrical Chains and Handle
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Useful for pulling calves, helps apply force to assist in birth, chains looped around legs of calf *calves are slippery so this is helpful
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Calf Jack (aka Calf Puller)
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Used when more force is needed. Must be careful as too much force can be applied
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Electric dehorners
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Hot iron method of dehorning. Put over bud and rotate. Burns all tissue so horns cannot grow back. When skin? Turns copper, you're done
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Barnes dehorner
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2-8 mo of age is generally best, adequate force applied, can administer lidocaine block, put over bud and pull out (can be bloody) and when you pull out- you're done, can't go wrong.. Go back with hot iron to cauterize and stop bleeding
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Tube Dehorner
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Not useful on large horns, place cutting edge over horn, press down, & twist one way then the other until you cut skull. Stop bleeding w electric dehorners and not as popular as other methods
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Permanent v. Nonpermanent
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Shows and breed associations require permanent. Both types will be discussed. Pros & cons to both
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Plastic ear tag applicator
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Useful for identification purposes and record keeping. Must have correct applicator. Not permanent. Can be ripped out & dry rot
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Metal ear tag
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Small metal piece w number, disadvantage is that they are difficult to read, variety of colors, not permanent
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Tattoo gun
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Perm id, comes w numbers you change out. Hard to read from distance, usually done on ears
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Hot iron brand
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Longer than a cold iron brand, burns the hide and heals back, has to be hot enough- hot wood fire works best, iron should be light ash color, black irons are too cold.
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Brand laws out west, skin abrasions for them
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Cold iron brand
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Uses refrigerant to cool irons, produces a white haired brand, destroys natural pigment in hair, can also use liquid nitrogen
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Rumen magnet
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Collects hardware animal might ingest, prevents hardware disease, this is caused by hardware puncturing lining rumen, magnet helps collect metal and prevent it from migrating
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Balling gun
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Used to administer pills/boluses, diff sizes available, plastic /metal
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Steers are of greater value than __
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Heifers
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Steers have a higher value bc 1,2,3
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Grow faster, have higher feed conversions, & produce higher cutability carcasses
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Steers are of greater value than __
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Heifers
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Steers have a higher value bc 1,2,3
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Grow faster, have higher feed conversions, & produce higher cutability carcasses
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__ cattle are priced higher than ___ weight cattle
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Lightweight, heavy
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___ weight cattle require more financial input to reach market
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Light
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___ weight cattle require more financial input to reach market
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Light
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__ cattle are more expensive than __ cattle
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Young, older
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Young cattle have a __ opportunity for ___ weight gain
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Greater, higher
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What can have the greatest affect on feeder and stocker prices?
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Breed/ breed type
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Breed influence on __ tends to be area specific
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Price
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What is BQA?
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Beef quality assurance
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Factors of BQA??
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Coop effort betwn beef producers, vets, nutritionists, extension staff & other beef professionals. Goal is to ensure the consumer that all cattle shipped from beef production units are safe and met all standards
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What is BQA?
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Beef quality assurance
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Factors of BQA??
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Coop effort betwn beef producers, vets, nutritionists, extension staff & other beef professionals. Goal is to ensure the consumer that all cattle shipped from beef production units are safe and met all standards
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The __ program is completed through edu of the producer & consumer as to the assurances of the product
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BQA
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Animal and herd health focus(7)
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Correct meds, med handling & storage, correct med dosage & injection site, withdrawal period on med used, record of all med use, nutrition, handling of livestock during shipping
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What are some (2) other effects on the producer?
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Greater marketing power and more efficient gains and higher performance
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What are some (2) other effects on the producer?
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Greater marketing power and more efficient gains and higher performance
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Greater consumer confidence means__ demand for beef which means __ prices for the producer
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Greater, Higher
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__ is the percentage of closely trimmed, boneless retail cuts from the round, loin, rib, & chuck
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Cutability
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What are four of the USDA yield grade factors?
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External fat, % kidney, pelvic & heart (KPH), ribeye area, hot carcass weight
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The __ the external fat, the__ the yield grade
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Higher, higher
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The __ the external fat, the__ the yield grade
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Higher, higher
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The __ the % KPH, the __ the yield grade
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Higher, higher
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The __ the external fat, the__ the yield grade
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Higher, higher
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The __ the % KPH, the __ the yield grade
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Higher, higher
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The higher the Ribeye area, the __ the yield grade
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Lower
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The higher the hot carcass weight, the __ the yield grade
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Higher
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What is the yield grade formula?
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Yield grade 1
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Yield grade 2
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Yield grade 3
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Yield grade 4
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Yield grade 5
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How much is premium (yield grade 1) opposed to yield grade 5
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1 is +$2.50, while 5 is -$21.50
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Quality cutter and canner are used for?
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Dog food, etc- typically not for human consumption
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What are the quality grades (8) for steers and heifers?
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PCSSCUCC
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Indication of physiological age, not necessarily chronological age
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Maturity
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Maturity group A
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9 to 30 mo of age
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Maturity group A
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9 to 30 mo of age
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Maturity group B
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30-42 mo of age
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Maturity group A
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9 to 30 mo of age
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Maturity group B
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30-42 mo of age
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Maturity group C
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42 to 72 months o age
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Maturity group A
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9 to 30 mo of age
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Maturity group B
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30-42 mo of age
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Maturity group C
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42 to 72 months o age
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Maturity group D
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72- 96 mo of age
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Maturity group A
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9 to 30 mo of age
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Maturity group B
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30-42 mo of age
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Maturity group C
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42 to 72 months o age
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Maturity group D
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72- 96 mo of age
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Maturity group E
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Greater than 96 months of age
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How to determine the carcass maturity
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Ossification of back bone, color and shape of rib bones, lean color
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What is marbling?
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Flecks of fat within the muscle?
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What are the degrees of marbling (9)
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Select is compromised of the ___ degree of marbling. Meaning ____ fat
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Slight, very little
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Standard is compromised of __ and ___ degrees of marbling
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Trace and practically devoid
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Dairy type is a __ desirable carcass
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Less & could be discounted $25.00
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Discounts vary due to cut and extent of _____ damage
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Bruises / trimming loss
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Bullocks are __ maturity carcasses that have developed ____ characteristics.
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A, secondary sex
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Dark cutters have a __ quality defect usually due to stress & discount of ___
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Lean, $30.50
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Pinpoint bruising
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Blood splash
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Callused eye caused by
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Fatty infiltration of muscle, nerve damage, injury, injection site damage
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USDA inspectors are independent from ___, and are ________.
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Packing plant (no conflict of interest), trained bets who inspect the carcass for possible disease or damage
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What is the Hazard Critical Control Points ? (HACCP)
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Programs that help utilize a seven-step process to ensure that product quality and safety is attained throughout the fabrication process
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Drench gun
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Used to give liquid meds/ dewormers. Useful for setting dosage.. Consistent, easy to use but can damage tissue if not careful,
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Nose tongs
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Cattle have very sensitive septum, not Useful for very large animals, limits activity, could be beneficial for younger animals by modifying behavior to make them think twice
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Squeeze chute-hydraulic or manual
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Useful for many procedures. AI, palpating, injections, pulling calves,
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Complete Working facility
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Major cost initially, many options, vary in price, helps crowd cattle
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Artificial insemination gun
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Several different styles, diff sheath needed depending on gun
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Semen tank
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Holds a little liquid nitrogen for storage of semen. Most are metal with exception of shipping container covers
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The one pictured is plastic
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Ultrasound machine
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Useful for detecting pregnancy in cattle and carcass characteristics, very expensive! Usually pretty portable.
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