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261 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the roles of a dental hygienist? |
-Identity harmful dietary habits -Promote health and wellness -Patient referrals for dietary nutrition needs |
|
What is nutrition? |
Process by which living things use food to obtain nutrients for energy, growth, and maintenance. |
|
What are essential nutrients? |
Substance obtained from food that the body CANNOT produce in sufficient quantities. |
|
What are non essential nutrients? |
Nutrients that can be used by the body but are not required and can be synthesized from dietary precursors. |
|
What are precursors? |
A substance from which an active substance is formed (helps turn something else into something more useful). EX: Carotene (found in fruits and veggies), which the liver can convert into an active form of Vitamin A. |
|
What are macronutrients? |
Used for energy, tissue building and regulating system. -Macronutrients are not effective without micronutrients EX: Water, proteins, carbs, fats and alcohol. |
|
What are micronutrients? |
Minerals and vitamins. |
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Does alcohol provide calories? |
Yes, but does not provide nutrients. |
|
What are some chronic diseases related to poor diet? |
Cancer Stroke Diabetes Mellitus Atherosclerosis Coronary heart disease |
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What is adequate intake (AI)? |
Average amount of nutrients that appears to maintain a defined nutritional state |
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What is the tolerable upper intake level (UL)? |
The maximum daily level of nutrient intake that will not cause adverse health or toxic effects. -DO NOT GO OVER THIS AMOUNT, IT'S TOO RISKY |
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What is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR)? |
Ensures sufficient intake of essential nutrients while reducing risk of chronic diseases. |
|
What are the temperatures for food safety? |
-Below 40 degrees -Above 140 degrees |
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What does the my pyramid look like? Haha |
|
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What are the categories of MyPlate? |
Veggies Grains Proteins Fruit Dairy |
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What is the definition of structure in biochemistry? |
Three dimensional atomic arrangement of biomolecules. |
|
What is metabolism? |
The production and use of energy |
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What is the definition of information in biochemistry? |
Transference of biological information from DNA to RNA. |
|
What are ionic bonds? |
Bonds formed between positively charged metal ions and negatively charged non-metal ions. EX: hydroxyapatite, calcium and phosphate |
|
What are covalent bonds? |
Form when electrons are equally shared between two non-metals (often carbon based and functional groups) "think C=Carbon and Covalent" |
|
What are functional groups? |
is a group of atoms that gives a family of molecules its characteristic chemical and physical properties |
|
What is oxidation? |
The loss of electrons, which increases charge EX: OIL |
|
What is reduction? |
The gain of electrons, decrease of charge EX: RIG |
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What is condensation? |
A reaction that creates a new molecule by forming a bond between two smaller molecules |
|
What is hydrolysis? |
A reaction that breaks a larger molecule into two smaller molecules. |
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What are the major classes of biomolecules? |
Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids Lipids |
|
What are carbohydrates used for? |
Energy metabolism and storage. -Monosaccharides -Disaccharides -Polysaccharides |
|
T/F: Plants use photosynthesis to make carbs? |
True |
|
What are the functions of proteins? |
-Provide structure -Protection -Contraction -Transportation -Catalyst -Metabolism |
|
What are the function of lipids? |
-Energy metabolism -Storage -Structure -Insulation -Protection -Transportation -Regulation of Hormones |
|
What are the classifications of lipids? |
Hydrophilic (water loving) Hydrophobic (water hating) -Fatty acids -Triglycerides |
|
What is the function of enzymes? |
To catalyze biochemical reactions and starts digestive processes. |
|
What are examples of enzymes? |
Proteases=Proteins Amylases=Carbohydrates Lipases=Lipids |
|
What are the functions of nucleic acids? |
Store and transfer genetic information. -DNA -RNA -Genome -Nucleotides |
|
What is metabolism? |
How cells acquire, transform, store, and use
energy. |
|
What is catabolism? |
-Production of energy -Breaking down of a complex molecule to a simpler molecule. (Energy producing) |
|
What is anabolism? |
The requirement of energy input. (Energy requiring) |
|
Where does carbohydrate metabolism occur? |
In mitochondria |
|
What are some hormone regulators in carbohydrate metabolism? |
-Insulin -Glucagon -Epinephrine |
|
What is protein metabolism? |
When proteins provide amino acids for synthesis of new proteins |
|
What enzymes are required for protein metabolism? |
-Proteases -Ketogenic amino acids (AA) -Glucogenic AA |
|
T/F: Lipid metabolism produces more energy than protein and carb metabolism. |
True |
|
What is the enzyme for lipid metabolism? |
Lipase |
|
What makes up the small intestine? |
-Duodenum -Jejunum -Ileum |
|
What makes up the large intestine? |
-Cecum -Colon -Rectum |
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What are the accessory organs? |
-Salivary glands -Liver -Gallbladder -Pancreas |
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What is the only macronutrient that is broken down by mastication? |
Carbs |
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How often do the cells on the tongue replace themselves? |
3-10 days |
|
What does salivary amylase do? |
Allows carbs to be hydrolyzed into shorter chains. |
|
What occurs in the esophagus? |
-The bolus passes back to the pharynx under voluntary control. -Perastalsis then occurs. -Digestion DOES NOT occur here. |
|
What are chief cells? |
A stomach secretion that produces pepsinogen, which helps break stuff down. |
|
What are parietal cells? |
A stomach secretion that releases HCl to make gastric content acidic (1.5-3.0 pH) |
|
What do parietal cells help with? |
-Halts the action of salivary amylase -Aids in absorption of minerals like calcium, iron, and zinc. -Kills and inhibits growth of food bacteria. |
|
T/F: Pepsinogen and HCl work together to begin hydrolysis of protein. |
True |
|
How often does the stomach empty? |
1-4 hours |
|
T/F: Gastric Lipase digests short and medium chain fatty acids. |
True |
|
Where are most nutrients absorbed? |
Small intestine |
|
What stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes? |
Acidic chyme |
|
What are examples of protein enzymes? |
-Trypsin -Chymotrypsin -Carboxypeptidase |
|
What enzymes does the microvilli produce for carbs? |
-Lactase -Sucrase -Maltase |
|
What enzymes does proteins produce for carbs? |
-Aminopeptidase -Dipeptidase |
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T/F: Bile produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder aids in emulsification of fats. |
True |
|
What is pinocytosis? |
Engulfing of small drops of intestinal contents that allows for absorption of small proteins (Immunoglobulins in breast milk). |
|
What is absorbed in the duodenum? |
-Electrolytes -Minerals (Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn) |
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What is absorbed in the jejunum? |
-Water soluble vitamins (C, thiamine, riboflavin, B-6, folic acid) -Mono and disaccharides |
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What is absorbed in the ileum? |
-Protein -Fat soluble vitamins -Fat/Cholesterol -Vitamin B-12 |
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T/F: Protein and fat takes longer to digest and make you feel full longer. |
True |
|
What is absorbed in the cecum? |
-Water -Electrolytes (Na, K) |
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T/F: The large intestine absorbs water out of everything. |
True, and very important |
|
What do carbs contain? |
-Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CHO) |
|
T/F: During photosynthesis carbo dioxide and water result in formation of carbs. |
True |
|
T/F: Carbs are the most important source of energy. |
True |
|
How many kilocalories are in one gram? |
4 kilocalories |
|
How many carbons are in monosaccharides and can these be digested? |
2-6 carbons; yes |
|
How many carbons are in disaccharides? |
12 carbons- composed of two simple sugars joined together |
|
What are polysaccharides? |
Are complex containing at least 1o units of simple sugars |
|
What are examples of monosaccharides? |
-Glucose (Dextrose) -Fructose (levulose) -Galactose |
|
What are examples of disaccharides? |
-Lactose -Maltose -Sucrose |
|
Where is glycogen stored? |
Liver and muscle |
|
What does the liver regulate? |
Blood sugar for the brain |
|
What is starch? |
Polysaccharide composed of many glucose units that may be in long chains and harder to break down such as grains, beans, and potatoes. |
|
What is sucrose (disaccharide)? |
Glucose + Fructose |
|
What is Lactose? |
Glucose + Galactose |
|
What is Maltose? |
Glucose + Glucose |
|
T/F: Xylitol is the only anticariogenic carb. |
True |
|
What are examples of non-nutritive sweeteners with intense sweetening power? |
-Aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) -Saccharin (Sweet N Low) -Acesulfame-K (Sweet One) -Sucralose (Splenda) |
|
What are some physiological roles of Carbs (CHO)? |
-Provides energy for RBC's, brain, and eyes -Oxidation of fats -Development of collagen and nervous tissue -Spares proteins -Forms nonessential amino acids |
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What are function of non digestible carbs (fibers)? |
-Involved in growth of bacteria in the gut that synthesizes nutrients. -Gastric motility -Vitamin K and B |
|
Where do digestive enzymes for disaccharides come from? |
Pancreas and small intestine |
|
What are some sources of Carbs? |
-Milk -Whole Grains -Fruit/Veggies -Legumes -Added sugars (jams, jellies, honey) |
|
What is protein? |
Organic compounds made up of amino acids |
|
What elements are in protein? |
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur. |
|
What is main function of protein? |
To repair and build tissue and cells |
|
T/F: All proteins are made from combinations of 10 amino acids held together by peptides. |
True |
|
What are the 9 essential amino acids?
|
Histadine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine "HE MAKES THREE VERY ILLUSIVE LIES, TRYING LUCY'S PATIENCE" |
|
What is a complete protein? |
All 9 essential amino acids are present in adequate amounts to sustain optimal growth. |
|
What is nitrogen balance? |
Equilibrium in breakdown and consumption of protein. |
|
What is negative nitrogen balance? |
Excretes more nitrogen then ingested. |
|
What is positive nitrogen balance? |
More protein retained than lost (in periods of growth, child, or pregnant woman) |
|
What are the physiological roles of proteins? |
-Digestion begins in stomach -Generation and repair of new tissue -Production of hormones, an enzyme. -Regulation of fluid balance. -Resistance to diseases. -Transport -Energy -Buffer pH |
|
What is marasmus? |
"to waste away" Long term protein energy deficiency. |
|
What are symptoms of marasmus? |
-Muscle weakening -Fat and muscle tissue depletion -Impairment of CNS -Decrease in cognitive ability -Delayed tooth eruption -Changes in saliva |
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What is Kwashiorkor and who is at risk? |
Acute form of protein malnutrition occurring from lack of high quality protein. -Children 18-24 months |
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What are symptoms of Kwashiorkor? |
-Adema of extremities, torso, and face. -Fatty liver -Hair color change -Anemia -Tired -Cracked and peeling skin |
|
What are some oral implications for the underconsumption of proteins? |
-Delayed eruption -Retardation during mandible development -Smaller salivary glands -Changes in salivary protein composition |
|
What is Phenylketonuria? |
The liver cannot metabolize EAA phenlylalanine in the diet into non essential amino acid tyrosine. Avoid aspartame. |
|
T/F: Carbs are good for the brain and they oxidize lipids. |
True
|
|
T/F: Lipids contain the same three elements as Carbs.
|
True
Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen |
|
Do lipids contains less oxygen proportionately?
|
Yes |
|
What are the functions of lipids? |
-Energy metabolism and Storage -Structural components of membranes -Insulation and Protection -Acts as hormones to regulate the body -Serves as vitamins & carry fat-soluble vitamins -Detergents in digestion |
|
Where can simple lipids such as Fatty Acids & Triglycerides be found? |
Food and In The Body |
|
What are some structural lipids that are produced by the body? |
-Lipoproteins -Phospholipids |
|
What are monoglycerides composed of? |
Glycerol + One fatty acid |
|
What are diglycerides composed of?
|
Glycerol + Two fatty acids |
|
What are Triglycerides composed of? |
Glycerol + Three fatty acid |
|
What is glycerol? |
The alcohol portion of the triglyceride to which the fatty acids attach to. |
|
T/F: Saturated fats all have single bonds between carbons. |
True |
|
T/F: Monosaturated fats have one carbon- carbon double bond. |
True |
|
T/F: Polyunsaturated fats have more than one carbon-carbon double bond. |
True |
|
Are saturated fatty acids simple lipids? |
Yes |
|
What are characteristics of saturated fatty acids? |
-Primarily found in meat and dairy. -Remain solid at room temperature -Too much can increase and LDL cholesterol -Can increase risk for CVD |
|
Are monounsaturated fatty acids simple lipids? |
Yes |
|
What are the characteristics of monounsaturated fatty acids? |
-Primarily found in olive oil, canola oil, peanuts, pecans, almonds, and avocado "plant foods" -Increases good cholesterol HDL -Liquid at room temperature |
|
Are trans fatty acids simple lipids and are they good for us? |
Yes; no-avoid them in diet |
|
What are the characteristics of trans fatty acids? |
-Found in meats, dairy, stick margarine, shortening, salty snacks, high fat baked good, commercial frying fats. -High intake result in high LDL cholesterol -FDA requires food labels to declare the amounts of trans fat. |
|
Are polyunsaturated fatty acids simple lipids? And are these essential? |
Yes; yes |
|
What is Linoleic acid (omega-6)? |
-Can be found in cold water marine fish, soy beans, canola oils, leafy veggies, flaxseed oil, chicken, and pistachios. -Involved in development/function of retina, and cerebral cortex (eyes and brain) -Increases HDL -Helps cure diseases, and fight cancer cells. -Treats arthritis |
|
What is Linolenic acid (Omega-3)? |
-Can be found in vegetable oils (corn, safflower, soybean and sunflower), spinach, albacore tuna, salmon, walnuts. -Functions in growth, reproduction, and skin. -Increases risk of CVD. -helps organs function properly -works with RBC's -aids in cell activity |
|
What happens with the lack of Omega-3? |
-Blood clots -Memory loss -Decrease sense of vision -Irregular heart beat -Decreased immune system |
|
T/F: Phospholipids make up 40% of cell membrane (enamel and dentin). |
True |
|
T/F: Lipoproteins transport insoluble fats into the blood. |
True |
|
T/F: Cholesterol is a precursor for hormones and structural components. |
True; Vitamin D and steroid hormones |
|
What produces lipoproteins? |
Liver and intestinal mucosa |
|
What do phospholipids contain? |
-Phosphorous -Nitrogenous base -Fatty Acids -Glycerol |
|
What is the second most prevalent type of fat in the body? |
Phospholipids |
|
What are the physiological roles of lipids? |
-Energy -Spares protein -Keeps you full -Palatability -Aids in absorption in fat soluble vitamins -Provides EFA's -Cushions organs -Provides insulation -Maintains body temperature |
|
How do dietary fats decrease caries? |
-Inhibits streptococcal growth -May reduce dissolution of hydroxyappetite -Prevents adherence of CHO's -May delay gastric emptying -Enhancing fluoride absorption |
|
Who are the people at risk for EFA deficiency? |
-Malabsorption (cystic fibrosis) -Premature babies -Low fat diets |
|
What are the classifications of fat replacers? |
-Carbohydrated (plant polysaccharides) -Protein based (simplesse) -Fat based-olean |
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T/F: Foods with more unsaturated fats (liquid at room temp) have a low melting point. |
True |
|
T/F: Foods that are high in saturated fats (solid at room temp) have a high melting point. |
True |
|
What is anabolism? |
Process requires energy to build substances that make up the body and necessary for bodily functions |
|
What is an example of catabolism? |
Fat oxidation and the Krebs cycle |
|
What do coenzymes need to be activated? |
Vitamins |
|
What are three coenzymes found in the Krebs cycle? |
-Thiamine -Riboflavin -Niacin |
|
What are cofactors? |
Same as coenzymes but need minerals or electrolytes |
|
What are hormones? |
"Messengers" that stimulate or slow down the function of other cells. |
|
What is the role of the liver? |
-Controls the kinds of nutrients in the blood stream -Detoxifies drugs -Monitors glucose levels |
|
What are the roles of the kidneys? |
-Removes waste products for blood -Controls glucose, amino acids, and water in the blood |
|
What is hyperglycemia? |
Excess (or high) blood glucose |
|
What is Hypoglycemia? |
Low blood glucose |
|
How are amino acids transported? |
Through a portal vein to the liver |
|
Is the liver an aminostat, monitoring intake and breakdown of amino acids? |
Yes |
|
What does lipogenesis convert? |
GLUCOSE TO FAT!! |
|
What is the energy value of alcohol? |
Approx. 7 kcal per gram |
|
What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)? |
Energy required for involuntary functions such as respiration, circulation, maintenance of muscle tone, and body temperature. |
|
What are the physiological factors affecting hunger? |
-CNS (hypothalamus) -Distention of the stomach -Fat in duodenum -Hormonal secretion such as ghrenlin, leptin, serotonin |
|
Do vitamins contain energy? And what does? |
No; but fats, carbs and proteins do. |
|
T/F: Eating fats, carbs, and proteins without enough vitamins means the energy from these nutrients cannot be used. |
True
|
|
T/F: Vitamins must come from an outside source |
True |
|
Is each and every vitamin essential? |
Si. |
|
What are fat soluble vitamins? |
DEAK |
|
What are water soluble vitamins? |
C and B |
|
What are characteristics of fat soluble vitamins? |
-Dissolve in lipid and fat solvents -Stable to heat -Contain organic substances such as carbon -Absorbed in the intestine -Require bile for absorption -Transported via the lymphatic system -Stored in the liver and adipose tissues |
|
What are the characteristics of water soluble vitamins? |
-Organic -B vitamins contain nitrogen -Act as coenzymes -Absorbed in the jejunum -Body stores very small amounts -Daily intake is necessary |
|
What are the classes of vitamin A? |
-Retinoids (preformed) in animal products: 70-90% absorption -Carotenoids (precursors) in fruits and veggies: 9-22% absorption |
|
What are the functions of vitamin A? |
-Vision in dim light -Growth and cell differentiation -Bone and tooth development -Integrity of skin and mucous membranes -Maintenance of immune function -Help promote ameleoblast and osteoblast |
|
What happens with hyper states of vitamin A (hypervitaminosis)? |
-Birth defects -Catabolism of collagen and bone resorption -Diplopia (double vision) -Alopecia -Dry skin, lips, and mucosa -Reddened gingiva -thinning of epithelium |
|
How much Vitamin A does the liver store? |
90% |
|
What happens with hypostates of vitamin A? |
-Growth restriction in children -impaired dark adaptation and night blindness -Keratinization of the lungs, GI Tract, and urinary tract -Susceptible to infections -Hyperkeratosis of the skin -Sometimes death -enamel hypoplasia |
|
What is Vitamin D (calciferol)? |
Classified as a vitamin but is a hormone. |
|
What are the physiological roles of vitamin D? |
-Enhances intestinal calcium and phosphorus
-The formation of RBC's (hematopoiesis) -The skin -Cardiovascular function -Immune response |
|
What uses Vitamin D to mobilize calcium storage? |
Parathyroid |
|
Can excess Vitamin D cause kidney stones? |
Yes |
|
What are the factors affecting Vitamin D requirements? |
-Age -Malabsorption conditions -Kidney failure -Exposure to sunlight |
|
What are sources of Vitamin D? |
-Sunlight -Fish liver oil -Fatty fish, catfish, tuna, salmon -Milk -Cereals -OJ -Supplements |
|
What are the hyperstates of vitamin D? |
-Anorexia -Nausea -Vomitting -polyuria -polydipsia -weakness -nervousness -hypercalcemia |
|
What are the hypostases of vitamin D? |
-Rickets -Osteomalacia -Osteoporosis -Cancer -Cardiovascular risk |
|
What is rickets? |
Bones bending at the cardio shaft junction |
|
What is osteomalacia? |
-Decrease in bone mineralization (softening) -Loss of lamina dura -Cause skeletal pain and muscle weakness |
|
What are the physiological roles of Vitamin E? |
-Antioxidant -Protects polyunsaturated fats in the cell membranes -prevents oxidation of fatty acids, vitamin A and C. -enhances release of prostaglandins that inhibits the aggregation of platelets -enhances vasodilation -anticoagulant -prevents gingival inflammation |
|
What are sources of vitamin E? |
-vegetable oils (especially soy bean) -unprocessed cereals or grains -nuts and seeds -wheat germ -leafy veggies -apples, apricots and peaches |
|
What are signs of hyper states of vitamin E? |
-muscle weakness -fatigue -nausea -diarrhea -antagonism to vitamin k action -enhancement of the effect of oral anticoagulants |
|
What are signs of hypostates of vitamin E? |
-mild hemolytic anemia -peripheral neuropathy -decline in physical function |
|
Who are at risk for hypostases of vitamin E? |
-Sickle cell anemia -Smokers -those on extreme low fat diets |
|
Where does vitamin K come from? |
-K1: green plants -K2: bacteria Ecoli in large intestine -Fats and oils |
|
What are functions of Vitamin K? |
-coenzyme for proteins involved in bone formation -catalyst for synthesis of blood clotting factors |
|
What two vitamins help with clotting? |
Vitamin E and K |
|
What are the hypostases of vitamin K? |
-conditions blocking bile flow (celiac disease, sprue) -diarrheal disease (ulcerative colitis) -hemorrhagic disease of new borns -adult with marginal dietary intake -drugs |
|
What are physiological roles of Vitamin C (absorbic acid)? |
-coenzyme in hydroxylation of proline -promotes capillary integrity -iron absorption -utilization of folic acid in vitamin b12 -coenzyme function in metabolism of AA's -antioxidant: removes free radicals from the body |
|
What are the hypostates of vitamin C? |
-delayed wound healing -poor bone and tooth development -scurvy: red swollen gingiva, sore mouth, bleeding, PDL destruction, risk of infection, malformed enamel, and inadequate dentin. |
|
T/F: Organic matrix of bone is 90-95% collagen fibers. |
True |
|
What does the formation of collagen require? |
-protein -iron -copper -zinc -vitamin C |
|
What makes up the mineral matrix? |
-calcium -phosphorous -magnesium -sodium -potassium -carbonate ions |
|
T/F: Dentin is more dense than bone. |
True |
|
Minerals are subdivided into what two categories? |
1. Major minerals 2. Micronutrients or trace elements |
|
What is the most abundant mineral in the body? |
Calcium |
|
What percentage of calcium makes up the teeth and bones? |
99% |
|
What are the functions of calcium? |
Bone health Blood clotting Transmitting nerve impulses Muscle contraction and relaxation Membrane permeability Activate enzymes Salivary buffer |
|
T/F: If calcium levels go up, phosphorous levels go down. |
True; they are inversely related |
|
What hormones regulate calcium absorption? |
-Thyroid -Parathyroid -Estrogen -Glucocorticoids |
|
How is calcium best absorbed? |
Small amounts, several times a day. |
|
What factors decrease absorption of Ca? |
-Oxylates and phytates in grains and veggies -Reduce gastric acidity -Excessive fiber -Low protein -Low phosphorous |
|
What are some sources of calcium? |
-Milk and dairy -Fortified soy and rice milk -Fortified foods (OJ) -Supplements |
|
What are the hyperstates of calcium? |
Hypercalcemia; excess Ca in blood Cause by hyperparathyroidism, overdose of cholecalciferol and vitamin D poisoning May inhibit iron and zinc absorption |
|
What are signs of hypostates of calcium? |
-Rickets -Osteoporosis -Periodontal disease -Reduction in mandibular bone density |
|
What is the second most abundant mineral? |
Phosphorous: about 85% |
|
What are the functions of phosphorus? |
-Formation of bones and teeth -Muscle contraction and nerve activity -Components of phospholipids in cell membranes, DNA, and RNA -Buffer for the body -Energy metabolism (ADP) |
|
What are hyper states of phosphorus? |
-Hyperphosphatemia: hypoparathyroidism and renal insufficiency -can bind with calcium, resulting in tetany and convulsions |
|
What are the physiological roles of magnesium? |
-cofactor for more than 300 enzymes -role in bone and mineral physiology -DNA and RNA synthesis -Nerve impulse and muscle contraction -Vitamin D conversion in liver -Blood clotting -PTH secretion |
|
What regulates magnesium? |
Kidneys |
|
T/F: There is no evidence of over consumption from food sources. |
True |
|
What are some symptoms of magnesium deficieny? |
-fragile alveolar bone -gingival hypertrophy -cardiac dysrhythmias -neuromuscular hyperexcitability |
|
What plays a major role in regulating blood pressure? |
Magnesium |
|
What is dental fluorosis? |
Hypo mineralization of enamel |
|
What are the physiological roles of copper? |
-said to be anticariogenic -formation of RBC's and connective tissue -catalyst in formation of collagen -component of many enzymes that function in oxidative reactions -encourage production of neurotransmitters |
|
What are some sources of copper? |
-sea food -liver -nuts -sesame and sunflower seeds -soy -legumes -cocoa |
|
Where does absorption of copper occur? |
Stomach and duodenum |
|
What can happen with hyperstates of copper? |
Wilsons disease: in cornea causes Kayser Fleischer Ring |
|
What are the physiological role of selenium? |
-Cofactor for antioxidant enzyme that protects membrane lipids, proteins and nucleic acids from oxidative damage -tooth enamel and dentin |
|
What is a hypo state of selenium? |
Keshan disease: cardiomyopathy |
|
What are the physiological roles of chromium? |
-carbohydrate and lipid metabolism -action of insulin Meats, Whole grain cereals, wheat germ, nuts, and mushies |
|
What are hyperstates and hypostates of chromium? |
Hyperstates: Liver damage, lung cancer. Hypostates: decrease insulin sensitivity, glucose intolerance, and risk of diabetes |
|
What are the physiological roles of manganese? |
-bone matrix -insulin production -AA, cholesterol and CHO metabolism |
|
What is maganese madness? |
Hyperstate syndrome similar to Parkinson's disease |
|
What are the physiological roles of molybdenum? |
-enzyme cofactor -may inhibit caries |
|
What are the ultra trace elements? |
-boron -nickel -silicon -tin -lithium -vanadium -aluminum -lead -mercury |
|
How many liters of saliva do you make in a day? |
1 to 1.5 liters |
|
What is commonly associated with nutrient deficienies? |
-angular cheilitis or cheilosis (cracks around corners of the mouth) -glossitis (inflammation of tongue) |
|
What is thiamine (b1)? |
First B vitamin identified -Functions: coenzyme for metabolism of CHO and AA's energy transformation membrane and nerve conduction coenzyme in synthesis of niacin *rarely seen in US due to lots of grains in food |
|
What is thiamine used for? |
Metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fats. |
|
What are examples of hypostates of thiamin? |
-Beriberi: "muscle wasting away" -Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: mental confusion and rapid movement of eyeball and muscle movements *often prescribed to recovering alcoholics |
|
What is the physiological role of riboflavin (B2)? |
-Energy metabolism -Conversion of trytophan to niacin |
|
What is the physiological role of niacin (B3)? |
-coenzyme in energy metabolism from CHO's -fats, and protein metabolism |
|
T/F: 65% of niacin is from milk and white meat? |
True |
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What happens with the hyperstates of niacin? |
Abnormal liver function and gout (leads to arthritis) |
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What are signs of hypostates of niacin? |
-Pellagra (where maize is the major part of diet) -Ulcerations under tongue and mucosa -Gingival inflammation -Scarlet glossitis -Dementia, Diarrhea, and Dermatitis |
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What are the physiological roles of pantothenic acid (B5)? |
-metabolism of carbs, fats and proteins. -synthesis and degradation of triglycerides, phospholipids and sterols. -formation of hormones and nerve regulating substances |
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What are the physiological roles of Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)? |
-conversion of tryptophan to niacin -coenyzme in protein metabolism -hemoglobin synthesis -synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids from EFA's -energy production from glycogen -function of nervous system |
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What groups are at risk for vitamin B6 deficiency? |
-woman of reproductive age -male smokers -african american males -65 years and older |
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What is folic acid used for? |
-Coenzyme for approx. 20 enzymes -Synthesis of DNA and RNA -Maturation of RBC's -Formation of neural tubes of fetal development |
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What are the physiological roles of Vitamin B12? |
-Synthesis of nucleic acids -Metabolism of certain AA's, fatty acids, carbs, and folate -Formation of RBC's and myelin synthesis |
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Where is B12 absorbed? |
Receptor sites in ileum (small intestine) only if bound to intrinsic factor |
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Where do we create B12? |
Colon and diet |
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What are the physiological roles of Vitamin B7 (biotin)? |
-Coenzyme in metabolism of proteins, fats and carbs -regulates gene transcription -utilizes protein, folic acid, pantothenic acid and vitamin b12 |
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What vitamins are important for soft oral tissues? |
Vitamin C, A, E, and B |
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What is the most abundant component of the body? |
Water -At birth: 75 - 80% -Adult: 50 - 60% |
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What does osmotic pressure equalize? |
Solute concentration of ICF and ECF |
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What are electrolytes? |
Compounds or ions that dissociate in solution which is important in water and pH balance |
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What are cation? |
Positively charged electrolytes Ex: Na, K, Ca, Mg |
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What are Anion? |
Negatively charged electrolytes Ex: Chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate |
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What is hypernatremia? What is hypoatremia? |
Elevated serum Na level Low serum Na level |
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What are the physiological roles of chloride? |
-Maintain ECF balance -Osmotic equilibrium -Electrolyte balance -Aids in protein digestion -Inhibits bacterial growth -Enhances Fe, Ca, and B12 absorption -Obtain from salt |
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What are the physiological roles of potassium? |
-Maintain ICF concentration -Muscle contractions -Nerve impulse -Acid/base balance |
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What are the physiological roles of Iron? |
-component of hemoglobin -catalyzes many oxidative reactions in cells -Conversion ofbeta-carotene to vitamin A -Formation of purines aspart of nucleic acid -Removal of lipids fromthe blood -Detoxification ofdrugs in the liver -Synthesis of collagen -Production ofantibodies |
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What is the best source of iron? |
Heme iron (organ meats, meat, fish and poultry) |
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What are the physiological roles of Zinc? |
-Componentin >200 enzymes affecting cell growth and replication (DNA/RNA synthesis) -Collagensynthesis, bone resorption, and remodeling -Sexualmaturation -Nightvision -Immunedefenses -Taste,smell, and appetite |
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What helps you see? |
Zinc and Vitamin A |
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What is iodine used for? |
Production of thyroxine Sources: seafood, plants near ocean, molasses, yogurt and milk, iodized salt |
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What are hyperstates of iodine? |
-thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, sensitive reactions |
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What are hypostates of iodine? |
-Goiter(enlargement of the thyroid gland) -Spontaneousabortions and congenital anomalies -Delayederuption of primary and secondary teeth -Enlargedtongue -Endemiccretinism |