Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Diarthroidial / Synovial joints (5) |
1. Freely moveable joints supported by ligaments 2. Enclosed by a thick fibrous capsule, intra- and extra-capsular ligaments limit accessory movements 3. Capsule lined with synovial membrane 4. Articulating bone surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage 5. Joint spaces contain synovial fluid |
|
What determines the type of movement at a joint? (1) |
The shape of the joint surface |
|
How is stability determined at a joint? |
By the congruency of the articulating surfaces |
|
What type of joint is the shoulder and the stability of it? |
Shallow ball and socket
Poor static stability relies on dynamic stability (i.e. muscles) |
|
What type of joint is the hip and the stability of it? |
Deep ball and socket
High static stability |
|
What type of joint is the knee and the stability of it? |
Hinge joint
Poor static stability, relies on substantial ligament and muscle control |
|
Most common joint injuries? (4) |
Dislocation / subluxation (deformity)
Joint Sprains (ligament, capsule)
Bursitis (trauma / overuse)
Cartilage (pop or locking and give way) |
|
Joint dislocation - difference between complete and partial? |
Complete - dislocation, luxation (fully out)
Partial - subluxation (pops out and pops back in on its own) |
|
What joints are more susceptible to dislocations? Fractures? |
Highly mobile joints to dislocation (shoulder, patella)
Highly stable joints to fractures (ankle, fingers, hips) |
|
Dislocation results in |
Damage to the surrounding joint capsule and ligaments
Possible osteochondral fracture and or chondral lesions |
|
How to recognize a dislocation? (5) Subluxation? (3) |
Dislocation - deformity, loss of function, hemorrhage, pain, loss of strength
Subluxation - history, pain, may strain muscle or sprain ligaments stabilizing joint |
|
How to manage dislocations / subluxations (5) |
Stabilize with splint
Ice
Refer
Do not relocate
Assess strength and ROM |
|
Joint sprain grade 1 (6) |
- Traumatic injury to the joint capsule involves intra and extra capsular ligaments - Joint loaded in tension / shear - May only be a few fibers damaged - 0 instability, 0 haemarthrosis - Full ROM, function - Pain at end range and palpation |
|
Moderate Grade II Joint Sprain (6) |
- Large number of fibers damaged - Disruption of joint capsule - Slight instability - Restricted ROM - Haemarthrosis (bleeding in joint spaces) - Loss of function
|
|
Grade III Joint Sprain |
- Gross instability - No end feel with accessory movement - Empty end feel - Haemarthrosis - Gross loss of function |
|
Joint Capsule is made up of? (5) |
Blood vessels and nerves Synovial membrane Joint ligaments Intra-capsular Thickenings on inside of capsule provide aditional strength in certain direction |
|
Function of joint capsule and ligaments |
- Stabilization, prevent abnormal and excessive movement when bony configuration is insufficient to provide adequate stability
- Movements beyond normal, passive range |
|
What happens when tension is placed on the ligament (role of proprioception) |
Reflexive muscle contraction prevents overstretching of ligaments |
|
Inadequate ligaments? (role of proprioception) |
- abnormal joint movements, excessive mechanical stress, excessive joint wear |
|
Flexibility training (role of proprioception) |
stretched ligaments and/or capsule, decreased ligament stability, abnormal movements between joint surfaces |
|
What is the articular disc? |
An additional fibrocartilaginous disc between the articular surfaces
(knee - menisci)
|
|
Function of articular disc? |
Improve congruity between joint surfaces, increasing stabilization
Absorb shock
Spread compressive load |
|
Bursa, what is it and its function, how you can injure it, and what an injury looks like? (4) |
Fluid filled sac that decreases friction between muscle / tendon and bone
Overuse or trauma
Swelling, pain, loss of function |
|
Where are the major bursa located? |
Knee, hip, elbow, shoulder |
|
Treatment for bursitis? |
Tests for imbalances that may be the cause
History of repetitive tasks
Ice, progressing activity, correct imbalances |
|
From what do abdominal injuries occur and what are they? (2) |
They are superficial muscle injuries or deeper internal organ injuries
Direct force to the anterior, lateral, or posterior abdominal wall |
|
Is the level of pain and the reaction to palpation indication of the severity of the injury? |
NO |
|
When do you assume internal trauma and hemorrhage? |
After a blow to the abdominal with hypovolemia and tachycardia |
|
What is hypovolemia and tachycardia? |
Hypovolemia - decreased blood volume
Tachycardia - Increased resting HR |
|
Liver contusion from what, what ribs, what quadrant, where is pain referred to? |
Direct blow to right side lower ribcage
Maybe fractures to 7, 8, 9th ribs anterior or lateral
Right upper quadrant
Pain referred to right shoulder / scapula |
|
Liver contusion symptoms? (4) |
Hypovolemic shock, cardiac distress, shortness or breath, tachycardia |
|
Spleen injury, what ribs, what quadrant, pain referred where? onset of pain? |
9th and 10th ribs, left upper quadrant, pain to left shoulder region, onset 1-2 hours |
|
Symptoms of ruptured spleen and factor to consider? |
Hypovolemic shock, cardiac distress, tachycardia, careful with athletes recovering from mononucleosis |
|
Kidney contusion: what area, what ribs, what kind of blow? |
Lower flank area (lumbar), ribs 11 and 12, relatively soft blow |
|
Symptoms of kidney contusion? |
contusion, hematuria, hypovolemic shock, cardiac distress, tachycardia, deep abdominal breathing and resulting flank pain |
|
Bowel rupture: common or rare? From what kind of injuries? Vulnerable when? |
Is rare from blunt trauma, usually from penetrating injuries, vulnerable if disturbed with food contents |
|
Bladder contusion: blow to where, occurs when, pain in what quadrant, what symptoms? When is it a bladder rupture? |
Blow to lower quadrant when bladder distended with urine, pain in lower quadrant, hematuria, hypovolemic and cardiac distress
Bladder rupture - urinary urgency but unable to void |
|
Scrotal contusion: from what, when is their rupture? When to refer? |
Direct blow to testicles contusion or rupture
Rupture and massive swelling requires surgery
refer if increasing or unresolved pain after 15 minutes |
|
Rectus abdominus hematoma: how to tell? |
Rapid onset of pain and hematoma
Maybe visible swelling
Disabling pain and muscle spasm
Have to sit, SOB, |
|
Managing a rectus abdominus hematoma |
ice and rest, avoid exertion |
|
Hernia, what is it, result from, how to treat it? |
Protusion of abdominal viscera through portion of abdominal wall
From violent activity or strain
Pressure and seek medical attention |
|
Hernia signs and symptoms: (4) |
- Previous history of a blow or strain to groin area - Bulge in lower abdomen - Superficial protrusion in the groin area that is increased by coughing or exertion - Weakness and pulling in groin Exercise not effective at reducing |