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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Moral problems
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-include intricate relationships among people with opposing views
-incorporate a mix of values, risks, benefits, and harms -include solutions that are obscure until the situation unfolds |
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Problem
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-a discrepancy between the current situation and a desired state
-usually unplanned and often unexpected -simple or complex, routine or moral |
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Articulate the "current situation" and a practical "desired state":
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-terminally ill patient with intractable pain
-critically ill person with no health insurance -alzheimers patient who wants to go home -narcotic drug abuser who has severe, chronic pain |
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Types of Moral Problems:
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-moral uncertainty
-moral dilemma -moral distress -moral outrage -moral reckoning |
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Moral uncertainty
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occurs when one senses that there is a moral problem but:
-is not sure of the morally correct action -is unsure which moral principles or values apply -cannot define the moral problem |
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Moral dilemma
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A dilemma is a problem:
-that requires a choice between two equally unfavorable and mutually exclusive options -that seems to defy a satisfactory solution -that occurs when solutions to a problem include conflicting moral claims |
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Moral dilemma presentation:
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-evidence indicates that an act is morally right, and other evidence indicates that the act is morally wrong, but no evidence is conclusive
-one moral rule supports one course of action, and another moral rule supports another course of action, yet the two are mutually exclusive |
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What are the conflicting moral claims in these situations?
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-patient seeks an experimental treatment that is likely to cause harm
-an alert elderly patient falls often, so the physician orders physical restraints |
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Moral Distress
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-"...arises when one knows the right thing to do, but institutional constraints make it nearly impossible to pursue the right course of action"
-...nurses participate in the action that they have judged to be morally wrong |
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Moral Outrage
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-occurs when someone else performs an act the nurse believes to be immoral
-Nurses: 1) Do not participate in the act 2)do not believe they are responsible for wrong 3)believe they are powerless to prevent the act |
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Moral reckoning
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-encompasses moral distress, moral outrage and more
-may last a lifetime -is a three stage process: 1)stage of ease 2)stage of resolution 3)stage of reflection |
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Intervening factors
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-intervening factors add to the complexity of ethical problems: uncertainty, context, stakeholders, power imbalance, extraneous variables, other relevant cases, urgency
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Ethical Decision Making
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-basic features constitute every type of decision: a problem, alternative solutions, uncertainty, outcome
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Effective Decision Maker Attributes
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-moral integrity
-sensitivity, compassion, and caring -sense of responsibility -empowerment -patience and willingness to deliberate |
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Ethical Decision-Making Model
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-articulate the problem
-gather data and identify conflicting moral claims -implore strategies -implement the chosen strategy -evaluate outcomes |