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32 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Fallacy |
an argument which provides poor reasoning is support of its conclusion |
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Begging the Question |
the arguments conclusion is used as one of its premises. the proof is assumed |
A: he's mad right now B: how do you know A: because he's really angry |
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Ad hominem (against the person) |
when someone tried to win an argument by denigrating its presenter |
you claim that this man is innocent, but you cannot be trusted since you are a criminals as well |
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argumentum ad populum (argument to the people) |
using an appeal to popular assent, often by arousing the feelings and enthusiasm of the multitude rather than building an argument |
The Bold and the Listless must be a great book. It's been on the best seller list for 8 weeks |
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appeal to ignorance |
using an opponent's inability to disprove a conclusion as a proof of its correctness, and using an opponent's inability to prove a conclusion as proof of its incorrectness |
there is no proof that ghost exist, so they must exists. nobody has conclusively proven that the Yeti doesnt exist, therefore it must exist |
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hasty generalization |
when jumping into conclusion about all things of a certain type based on evidence that concerns only a few things of that type |
girls are bad drivers. I know it, because my mom and my sister are horrible drivers |
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appeal to authority |
a claim is accepted not because of its merit, but because the authority (power, fame) of person saying it |
Pope says it, must be true |
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red herring |
diverting attention from the real issue by focusing instead on an issue having only a surface relevance to the first |
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appeal to fear |
to use threat or harm to advance an argument |
is we dont stop petroleum consumption, global warming will increase. therefore we need to stop immediately |
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false dilemma |
it presumes that there are only two alternatives to a given problem when in fact there are more than two |
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false cause |
supposing two events are connected when in fact they are not |
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non sequitur (it doesn't follow) |
refers to a conclusion that isn't implied with the previous premises |
Dave was arrested for a DUI 10 years ago. He's definitely an alcoholic. |
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criteria of adequacy |
simplicity, consistency, scope, conservatism and fruitfulness |
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consistency |
lack of internal contradictions |
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conservatism |
how well the new fits with the old |
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fruitfulness |
the amount of new facts predicted |
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knowledge by acquaintance |
knowledge of what it is to have a certain experience |
knowledge of what it's like to be pregnant |
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performative knowledge |
knowledge on how to perform a certain activity |
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propisitional knowledge |
knowledge whether a proposition is true or false |
water boils at 100°C |
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analytic proposition |
a proposition that is logical truth or can be turned into a logical truth by substituting synonym for synonym |
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synthetic proposition |
proposition that is not analytic |
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idealism (plato) |
reality is always changing, senses are illusory. knowledge needs to be permanent and unchanging |
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anamnesis |
innate form of recollection, a sort of hardware we come with |
humans come with a memory function already built in our brain evolution |
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forms |
exist independently of us |
math, logic, geometry |
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Universal |
a property that can he possessed by many things at once |
goodness, beautiful, redness |
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skepticism (Pyrrho Elis) |
an attitude of suspension to the possibility of knowledge or absolute knowledge |
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Pyrrhonist strategy |
to show that for every proposition supported by some evidence, there is an opposite proposition supported by evidence that is equally as good |
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rationalism (Spinoza, Leibniz, Descartes) |
the view that regards reason as the chief source of knowledge |
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Rationalism (Spinoza, Leibniz, Descartes) |
a methodology or a theory in which the criterion of the truth is not sense based but instead deductive |
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cogito argument |
I cant doubt that I doubt. therefore I think, therefore I am. |
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empiricism (John Locke, George Bishop, David Hume) |
is the idea that experience as the main source of knowledge |
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empiricist |
believe in inductive reasoning in order to build a more complex body of knowledge from these direct observations |
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