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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Freedom Train
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- On anniversary of signing Constitution, opened to public in PA containing 133 historical documents
- Headed by American Heritage Foundation, led by Winthrop W. Aldrich, chairman of Chase Bank - Hardly contained documents relating to organized labor or 20th century social legislation - Did not segregate visitors - Intended to contrast American freedom with Nazi tyranny, but eventually got caught up in struggle with communism |
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Marshall Plan
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- Freedom > anticommunism
- Envisioned New Deal for Europe, extension to Roosevelt's wartime Four Freedoms - Focus on prosperity and political stability more - Soviet Union refused to participate; further separated U.S. and Soviet |
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"To Secure These Rights"
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- Called on federal gov't to abolish segregation and ensure equal treatment in housing, employment, education, and the criminal justice system
- By Commission on Civil Rights appointed by the President |
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NSC-68
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- By National Security Council
- Approved call for permanent military build up to enable U.S. to pursue global crusade against communism - Cold War = Struggle for the survival of the free world - Spurred dramatic increase in military spending |
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Taft-Hartley Act
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- Against organized labor
- Authorized president to suspend strikes by ordering 80 day "cooling-off period" - Banned sympathy strikes and secondary boycotts (not at an employer but those doing business with him) - Outlawed the closed shop, which required a worker to be a union member when taking a job - Authorized states to pass "right-to-work" laws - Forced union officials to swear that they were not communists |
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House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
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- Held hearings about communist influence in Hollywood
- Celebrities said movie industry was holding many communists - Hollywood 10 didn't answer the committee's questions about their political beliefs or to name anyone b/c it violated 1st Amendment - Had to go to jail for 6 months to a year - Hollywood blacklisted them and 200 others who were accused and refused to name names |
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Army-McCarthy Hearings
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- McCarthy claimed army harbored communists
- He intimidated witnesses and made insane accusations w/o proof - Ended with him questioning loyalty of lawyer Welch |
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Levittown
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- Built by William and Alfred Levitt
- 1,200 acres of potato fields on Long Island - Most famous suburban developers - 10,000+ houses for 40,000 people |
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Baby Boom
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- Women saw marriage as the most important goal
- During 1950s, men and women married younger, divorced less frequently, and had more children (3.2 per family) - Even with low immigration, population rose by nearly 30 million (20%) - Reflected that Americans lived longer than in past b/c of "miracle drugs" to fight against infections |
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Milton Friedman
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- Economist who published "Capitalism and Freedom" (identified free market as necessary for individual freedom)
- Not uncommon, but he went further - Called for turning over all government functions to the private sector - Called for repealing minimum wage laws, the graduated income tax, and the Social Security system. - Said gov't should not be involved in economy nor individual conduct - Progress and personal autonomy |
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The New Conservatism
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- Convinced that Free World needed to arm its minds, not just militarily, for the battle against communism
- Weaver's "Ideas Have Consequences" warned that the West suffered from moral decay and called for return to a civilization based on values grounded in the Christian tradition - Understood freedom as a moral condition - Said gov't should not be involved in economy, but should in individual conduct - Tradition, community, and moral commitment |
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Sputnik
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- First artificial earth satellite
- By Soviets - Led to National Defense Education Act: Direct federal funding for higher education |
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The Beats
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- Small group of poets and writers who rejected mainstream culture
- Rejected work ethic ("desperate materialism" of the suburban middle class), the militarization of American life by the Cold War - Celebrated impulsive action, immediate pleasure (often w/ drugs), and sexual experimentation - Insisted personal and political repression, not freedom, were hallmarks of American society (despite Cold War) |
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Little Rock Crisis
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- Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas used National Guard to prevent court-ordered integration of Little rock's Central high School
- Eisenhower dispatched federal troops, who escorted nine black children into the school - Showed that federal gov't would not allow violation of court orders |
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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- Soviet Union installing missiles in Cuba which could reach United States
- Kennedy imposed blockade or quarantine of island and demanded the missiles' removal - Khrushchev agreed to withdraw missiles - U.S. agreed not to invade Cuba and remove Jupiter missiles from Turkey which could reach Soviet Union |
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Fannie Lou Hamer
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- Important in grassroots civil rights organizing for women
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Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)
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- Conservative students emerged into politics
- Sharon Statement: Issued by 90 young people who gathered at the estate of conservative intellectual William F. Buckley in Sharon, Connecticut to establish YAF - Said that: Free market underpinned "persona freedom", gov't must be strictly limited, and "international communism" must be destroyed - Initially wanted to control the Republican Party from leaders who agreed with the New Deal and wanted to coexist with communism |
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Hart-Celler Act
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- Abandoned old system of immigration that excluded Asians and severely restricted southern and eastern Europeans
- Established racially neutral criteria for immigration - Established limit on newcomers from the Western Hemisphere (120,000) - Created category of "illegal aliens" from the Americas - Set quota for rest of the world at 170,000 - Now annual number of immigrants was less than old quotas - Resulted in explosive rise in immigration from Latin America, the Carribean, and Asia (more than from Europe) |
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Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
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- Offshoot of socialist League for Industrial Democracy
- Port Huron Statement: 60 college students adopted a document - 4/5 criticized political parties to corporations, unions, and the military-industrial complex. - 1/5 offered new vision of social change - Sought a democracy of individual participation, in which individual shares in those social decision determining the quality and direction of his life. - "Participatory democracy" |
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Cesar Chavez
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- Led nonviolent protests to pressure growers to agree to labor contracts with the United Farm Workers union (UFW)
- Mobilized Latino communities in Southwest and drew national attention to very low wages and oppressive working conditions of migrant laborers |
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Silent Spring
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- Author: Rachel Carson
- Exposed environmental costs of economic growth |
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The Bakke decision
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- Court overturned an admissions program of University of California at Davis, which reserved 16/100 spots in the medical school for minority students
- Fixed affirmative action quotas - Higher education may consider race in admissions decisions |
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Detente
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- "Cooperation"
- Nixon (U.S.) and Brezhnev (Soviet) agreed to disarmament (SALT and ABMT) - Peaceful coexistence between the two nations to replace hostility of Cold War |
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Watergate
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- Five former employees of Nixon's reelection broke in at Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex in Washington, D.C.
- Eventually linked it to Nixon, Supreme Court unanimously ordered him to provide them with copies of the taped recordings of conversations in his office |
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Iran Hostage Crisis
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- Khomeini's followers invaded the American embassy in Tehran and seized 53 hostages
- Hostages did not regain freedom until President Carter's term ended |
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Phyllis Schlafly
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- Organized opposition to ERA
- Insisted that the "free enterprise system" was the "real liberator of women" since labor-saving home appliances offered more genuine freedom than "whining about past injustices" or seeking fulfillment outside the home - Basically women were more free inside their homes |
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Ronald Reagan / Election of 1980
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- Carter's approval rating fell to 21%
- Reagan's campaign brought together conservatism - Pledged to restore the country's dominant role in the world and confidence in itself - Emphasized states' rights - Included opposition to federal intervention oh behalf of civil rights - Repeatedly condemned welfare "cheats", school busing, and affirmative action - Began to oppose ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) - Popular vote was close (Reagan: 51% vs. Carter: 41%), while Reagan swept electoral votes (Reagan: 91% vs. Carter: 9%) - Left (Liberals) --> Right (Conservatives) |